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M2M Unit IV > Epithelia > Flashcards

Epithelia Flashcards

1
Q

Cuboidal cells are _____.

A

cube-like

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1
Q

The cadherins in _____ link to intermediate filaments.

A

desmosomes

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1
Q

Epithelial cells directly connect to _____ by attachment of ______ and focal adhesions on the basal surface.

A

basal laminae; hemidesmosomes

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2
Q

_____ have more than one layer of cells in which cells of the outer layers do not directly contact the basal lamina.

A

Stratified epithelia

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3
Q

Cancers derived from ________ are known as adenocarcinomas.

A

glandular epithelium

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4
Q

One side of an epithelium usually has a free outer or _____ surface.

A

apical

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4
Q

The most common cancers by far are derived from _____, probably because of _____ and their ______.

A

epithelial tissue; damage exposure; high stem-cell driven turnover rate

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5
Q

_____ contain specific cadherins that link to actin filaments.

A

Adherence junctions

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5
Q

These promote mechanical strength and resist shearing forces and promote the structural organization of the epithelial sheet.

A

desmosomes (macula adherens)

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5
Q

Integrins mediate cell-cell linkage by connecting to ____ or _____.

A

actin; intermediate filaments

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6
Q

Gap junctions promote rapid communication between _____ through diffusion of ___ and small molecules.

A

epithelial cells; ions

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7
Q

_____ ensure that substances absorbed or secreted must pass through the epithelial cell.

A

Tight junctions

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8
Q

Beta catenin and protein kinases are examples of ______.

A

Cadherin-associated proteins

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8
Q

Name 2 cadherin-associated proteins.

A

Beta catenin and protein kinases

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9
Q

____ are related microtubule extensions that move.

A

Motile cilia

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11
Q

What is the epithelial to mesenchymal transition?

A

epithelia forming, disassembling, and reforming in new patterns until body morphology and organ morphogenesis are achieved

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11
Q

The primary function of _____ is to increase surface area.

A

microvilli

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12
Q

What are cilia?

A

Microtubule-containing extensions

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13
Q

A tissue that faces blood and lymph is called _____ and is made of _____ cells.

A

endothelium; endothelial

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14
Q

Stratified epithelia are named according to their ____.

A

outermost layer

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15
Q

What are microtubule-containing extensions called?

A

cilia

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16
Q

pemphigus

A

an autoimmune disease in which antibodies are produced against components of desmosomes in skin, leading to extensive blistering

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17
Q

______ (found around the bladder) are a special case: these epithelia are stratified, but when stretched change their shape from cuboidal to squamous, and appear to decrease the layering.

A

Transitional epithelia

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17
Q

The primary function of microvilli is to _____.

A

increase surface area

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18
Q

What is transcytosis?

A

endocytosis, followed by trans-cellular transport of the vesicle, then exocytosis

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19
Q

Motile cilia tend to be found in epithelia of the _____ and in the _____.

A

respiratory tract; oviduct

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20
Q

_____ are not motile and appear to function in sensory reception.

A

Sensory cilia

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20
Q

_____ mediate cell-cell linkage by connecting to actin or intermediate filaments

A

Integrins

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21
Q

The sheets of cells that line the _____ are called the mesothelium.

A

enclosed internal spaces of the body cavities

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22
Q

Nutrients and oxygen must diffuse through _____ and through the basal lamina to reach epithelial cells because epi is _____.

A

connective tissue; avascular

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22
Q

A basal lamina is a thin sheet of _____ that underlies the _____ of each epithelial tissue.

A

extracellular material; basal surface

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22
Q

_____ must cross the basal surface and basal lamina of the epithelium.

A

Hormone molecules

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23
Q

Primary cilia is a _____ found on many different epithelial cell types.

A

single non-motile microtubule-based extension

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24
Q

Transitional epi is comprised of _____ epithelium that is very resilient and _____.

A

tightly adherent ; stretchable

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24
Q

______ are generally multicellular and secrete materials onto the apical side of epithelial surfaces.

A

Exocrine glands

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25
Q

Epithelial cell polarity is crucial to allow ________.

A

unidirectional secretion and/or absorption of molecules

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26
Q

______ are called compound glands.

A

Multiple branched ducts

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27
Q

A tissue that faces ____ and ____ is called endothelium and is made of endothelial cells.

A

blood; lymph

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28
Q

______ directly connect to basal laminae by attachment of hemidesmosomes and _____ on the basal surface.

A

Epithelial cells; focal adhesions

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29
Q

_______ is crucial to allow unidirectional secretion and/or absorption of molecules.

A

Epithelial cell polarity

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31
Q

Squamous cells are ____.

A

flattened cells

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32
Q

Epithelial cells are adherent to ______.

A

one another

34
Q

______ are a special case where some cells do not reach the free surface (giving a stratified appearance), but all directly rest on the basal lamina.

A

Pseudostratified epithelia

34
Q

______ are taller than they are wide.

A

Columnar cells

36
Q

What is another name for a tight junction?

A

zonula occludens

37
Q

The sheets of cells that line the enclosed internal spaces of the body cavities are called the _______.

A

mesothelium

37
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

extensive ulceration and destruction of the absorptive epithelium

39
Q

Transitional epithelia (found around the ____) are a special case: these epithelia are _____, but when stretched change their shape from cuboidal to squamous, and appear to decrease the layering.

A

bladder; stratified

39
Q

Cancers of epithelial origin are called _______.

A

carcinomas

40
Q

Glands secrete their substances by _____ or _____.

A

total cell disintegration (holocrine); exocytosis

41
Q

What are stereocilia and where are they found?

A

long, actin-filled microvilli found in the epididymis and in sensory cells in the ear

42
Q

______ promote rapid communication between epithelial cells through diffusion of ions and small molecules.

A

Gap junctions

42
Q

Endocytosis, followed by trans-cellular transport of the vesicle, then exocytosis, is called?

A

transcytosis

44
Q

_____ have all cells arranged in a single layer or sheet.

A

Simple epithelia

44
Q

Tight junctions ensure that substances absorbed or secreted must _____.

A

pass through the epithelial cell

45
Q

Epithelia cells adhere to and communicate with one another through various _____.

A

cell junctions

47
Q

What is the zonula adherens?

A

the adherence junctions

48
Q

Mutations in proteins common to cilia or their support structures result in a large set of diseases called _____.

A

ciliopathies

49
Q

_____ tend to be found in epithelia of the respiratory tract and in the oviduct.

A

Motile cilia

50
Q

Multiple branched ducts are called _________.

A

compound glands

52
Q

Key core proteins of tight junctions are _____ and ____.

A

occludins; claudins

53
Q

What is the zonula occludens?

A

a tight junction

55
Q

What is another name for desmosomes?

A

macula adherens

56
Q

Pseudostratified epithelia are a special case where some cells ______ (giving a stratified appearance), but all ______.

A

directly rest on the basal lamina; do not reach the free surface

56
Q

______ are transmembrane proteins with extracellular domains that interact with each other and cytoplasmic tails that bind adapters and actin filaments.

A

Cadherins

57
Q

_____ secrete materials onto epithelia-lined surfaces or the outside world.

A

Exocrine glands

59
Q

______ control various aspects of epithelial polarity, development, and function.

A

Cadherin-associated proteins

60
Q

The _____ of the internal passage ways are generally called _____.

A

moist linings; mucosa

62
Q

Adherence junctions contain specific _____ that link to _____.

A

cadherins; actin filaments

63
Q

Exocrine glands secrete materials onto _____ or _____.

A

epithelia-lined surfaces or the outside world

65
Q

Which organs are comprised mostly of epi cells?

A

liver, pancreas, kidney

65
Q

_____ secrete substances into the blood stream.

A

Endocrine glands

67
Q

Microvilli are _____ that contain ____ connected to cytoskeletal elements in the cell interior.

A

cell surface extensions; actin bundles

68
Q

Cadherins are ______ with extracellular domains that interact with ______ and cytoplasmic tails that bind _____.

A

transmembrane proteins; each other; adapters and actin filaments

70
Q

The inner surface of an epithelium, called the ____ or _____ surface, is connected to underlying connective tissue.

A

basal; basolateral

72
Q

____ organize and promote signal transduction systems.

A

Primary cilia

73
Q

Stratified epithelia have ______ in which cells of the outer layers do not _____.

A

more than one layer of cells; directly contact the basal lamina

74
Q

Simple epithelia have all cells arranged in ______.

A

a single layer or sheet

75
Q

Name an example of a holocrine gland.

A

sebatious glands

77
Q

_____ are named according to their outermost layer.

A

Stratified epithelia

78
Q

The surface layer of all mucosae is _________.

A

epithelium

79
Q

The cadherins in desmosomes link to _____.

A

intermediate filaments

80
Q

______ is comprised of tightly adherent epithelium that is very resilient and stretchable.

A

Transitional epi

81
Q

A _____ is a thin sheet of extracellular material that underlies the basal surface of each epithelial tissue.

A

basal lamina

83
Q

Cadherin-associated proteins control various aspects of _____, _____, and _____.

A

epithelial polarity, development, and function

84
Q

Primary cilia organize and promote _____.

A

signal transduction systems

85
Q

Name 3 kinds of cilia.

A

1) primary 2) motile 3) sensory

86
Q

Endocrine glands secrete substances into the _______.

A

blood stream

87
Q

What are 2 other names for endocrine glands?

A

merocrine or apocrine glands

88
Q

What is another name for the adherence junctions?

A

zonula adherens

89
Q

______ is a single non-motile microtubule-based extension found on many different epithelial cell types.

A

Primary cilia

90
Q

What is the macula adherens?

A

desmosome

92
Q

What do holocrine glands do?

A

secrete entire cellular contents

93
Q

The inner surface of an epithelium, called the basal or basolateral surface, is connected to ______.

A

underlying connective tissue

94
Q

Key core proteins of _____ are occludins and claudins.

A

tight junctions

95
Q

Columnar cells are _____.

A

taller than they are wide

96
Q

Exocrine glands are generally _____ and secrete materials onto the _____ of epithelial surfaces.

A

multicellular; apical side

97
Q

______ are flattened cells.

A

Squamous cells

98
Q

Cancers of ______ are called carcinomas.

A

epithelial origin

100
Q

______ are cube-like.

A

Cuboidal cells

101
Q

Cancers derived from glandular epithelium are known as ________.

A

adenocarcinomas

102
Q

Hormone molecules must cross the ______ and _____ of the epithelium.

A

basal surface; basal lamina

103
Q

_______ are cell surface extensions that contain actin bundles connected to cytoskeletal elements in the cell interior.

A

Microvilli

104
Q

Motile cilia are related ____ that move.

A

microtubule extensions

M2M Unit IV (11 decks)

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