CT- Bone and Cartilage Flashcards
Fibrocartilage contains _____ that is very similar to dense regular connective tissue.
large bundles of regularly arranged collagen
_______ is growth from within.
Interstitial Growth
_______ causes defective resorption and increased bone mass.
Osteopetrosis
Chondrocytes reside in an isolated compartment called a _______.
lacuna
______ are derived from monocytes in the blood.
Osteoclasts
Interstitial Growth is growth _____.
from within
Osteoblasts initiate mineralization of the osteoid by secreting _______.
matrix vesicles
The inner surface where trabeculae contact internal soft tissue is called the ______.
endosteum
Hyaluronic acid promotes _______ and _______.
hydration; flexibility
_______ are present in the periosteal and endosteal surfaces, and in the soft connective tissue of the channels.
Osteoprogenitors
Chondrocytes make _____ and _____.
cartilage matrix; tissue
Bone matrix is unique in that it contains large amounts of a crystallized form of ____ and ___ called hydroxyapatite
Ca2+; PO4
______ can also arise from an external layer of connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage called the perichondrium.
Chondrocytes
Osteomalacia Rickets causes ______ by interfering with mineralization.
abnormal increase in uncalcified osteoid
Long range signals include _________ and________.
steroid hormones; calcium regulation hormones
Osteoclasts are derived from ______ in the blood.
monocytes
Where does appositional growth occur (specifically)?
perichondrium
______ causes abnormal increase in uncalcified osteoid by interfering with mineralization.
Osteomalacia Rickets
Osteoblasts secrete _____.
osteoid
______ contains collagen that forms relatively thin fibrils that are generally arranged in an irregular three dimensional pattern.
Hyaline cartilage
The ground substance of hyaline cartilage is rich in proteoglycans and the free glycosaminoglycan _____.
hyaluronic acid
What is osteoid?
un-mineralized extracellular matrix of bone
Fibrocartilage is found where _____and also in the _____.
tendons attach to bones; intervertebral discs
Elastic cartilage also contains thin collagen fibrils and proteoglycans, but is distinguished by abundant _____ and lamellae of _____.
elastic fibers; elastic material
________ stimulates calcium liberation (bone resorption).
Parathyroid hormone
Osteoblasts initiate __________ by secreting matrix vesicles.
mineralization of the osteoid
Osteoprogenitor cells can generate _____ and _____.
osteoblasts and osteocytes
_________ do not divide.
Osteocytes
Osteocytes are directly derived from _____.
osteoblasts
Osteocytes extend long processes through tiny channels, called ______.
canaliculi
At birth, the only region of proliferative cartilage that remains is beneath _________ and is called the epiphyseal plate.
these epiphyseal ossification regions
_____ arise initially from primitive mesenchymal cells.
Chondrocytes
________ is growth at the surface.
Appositional growth
Once growth stops, only a sheath of non-proliferative cartilage remains at the very end, called ______.
articular cartilage
The _____ all form by intramembranous ossification.
flat bones
Bone marrow consists of either _____ (red bone marrow) or _____ (white bone marrow).
hematopoietic tissue; adipose cells
______ link Haversian canals to each other and to the periosteum at the bone surface.
Volkmann’s canals
Chondrocytes can also arise from an external layer of connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage called the ______.
perichondrium
Bone lamellae surrounding a Haversian canal in concentric rings are called the _____.
osteon
What does BMPs stand for?
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins
Bone remodeling patterns are altered by ____ and other mechanical strains.
muscular movements
Intramembranous ossification occurs in the absence of a __________.
pre-made cartilage tissue
Name a short range signal.
Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs)
The _____ contains dense connective tissue containing fibroblasts, bone precursors, and bone cells.
periosteum
What is the initial product of intramembranous ossification?
a trabecular network of bone
______ contains large bundles of regularly arranged collagen that is very similar to dense regular connective tissue.
Fibrocartilage
______ occurs in the absence of a pre-made cartilage tissue.
Intramembranous ossification
Bone matrix is unique in that it contains large amounts of a crystallized form of Ca2+ and PO4 called ______.
hydroxyapatite
The outer surface covering the bone is called the _____.
periosteum
What are isogenous groups?
groups of chondroctyes within a lacuna or still close together that are clones of cells derived from mitosis
__________ occurs within previously made cartilage tissue.
Endochondral ossification
Within the spaces between the trabeculae of the inner spongy bone is ______.
bone marrow
______ stimulates calcium uptake into bone.
Calcitonin
Elastic cartilage is found in the _____, in the ____, and the _____.
external ear, epiglottis, larynx
Endochondral ossification occurs within ________.
previously made cartilage tissue.
_____ also contains thin collagen fibrils and proteoglycans, but is distinguished by abundant elastic fibers and lamellae of elastic material.
Elastic cartilage
The periosteum contains dense connective tissue containing _____, _____, and ______.
fibroblasts; bone precursors; bone cells
The _______ is where most calcium mobilization and storage occurs.
endosteum
Parathyroid hormone stimulates _______.
calcium liberation (bone resorption).
Osteoblasts are connected to each other and to nearby osteocytes by ______.
gap junctions
______ provides most of the strength of the bone for support, while the ______ provide extensive surface area for metabolism.
Compact bone; trabeculae
Bone marrow consists of either hematopoietic tissue (______) or adipose cells (______).
red bone marrow; white bone marrow
The ______ is rich in proteoglycans and the free glycosaminoglycan hyaluronic acid.
ground substance of hyaline cartilage
Appositional growth is growth _______.
at the surface
______ promotes hydration and flexibility.
Hyaluronic acid
Calcitonin stimulates ______.
calcium uptake into bone
The endosteum is where most ______ and _____ occurs.
calcium mobilization; storage
What is condensation?
groups of mesenchymal cells coming together
Compact bone provides _______ , while the trabeculae provide _____.
most of the strength of the bone for support; extensive surface area for metabolism
Spongy bone is also called _____ or ______.
cancellous; trabecular bone
_____ is found where tendons attach to bones and also in the intervertebral discs.
Fibrocartilage
______ leads to decrease in bone mass due to defects in resorption/formation coupling.
Osteoporosis
______ is found in the external ear, in the epiglottis, and the larynx.
Elastic cartilage
In long bones, channels that traverse the long axis through compact bone are called ______.
Haversian canals
______ are stem cells that are capable of cell division.
Osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoblasts line the inner layers of both the ______ and _____ surfaces.
periosteal; endosteal
Proliferative chondrocytes are sometimes called _____.
chondroblasts
Chondrocytes arise initially from ______.
primitive mesenchymal cells
The _______ is designed to resist compression and sheer forces.
fibrocartilage ECM
________ make cartilage matrix and tissue.
Chondrocytes
Volkmann’s canals link _____ to each other and to the ______ at the bone surface.
Haversian canals; periosteum
Osteoporosis leads to decrease in bone mass due to defects in ______.
resorption/formation coupling
Hyaline cartilage contains collagen that forms _____ that are generally arranged in ______.
relatively thin fibrils; an irregular three dimensional pattern.
_____ is important for systems that promote calcium uptake from the intestine.
Vitamin D
Elements of the central and peripheral nervous system can control ______.
bone metabolism
Vitamin D is important for systems that promote _____.
calcium uptake from the intestine
Osteopetrosis causes ______ and ______.
defective resorption and increased bone mass
Bone and cartilage regulation is mediated by: 1) ______, 2)_______, and 3)______.
1) short range signals 2) long range signals 3) mechanical stress 4) neuronal stimulation
______ secrete osteoid.
Osteoblasts
At birth, the only region of proliferative cartilage that remains is beneath these epiphyseal ossification regions and is called the _______.
epiphyseal plate
