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M2M Unit IV > CT- Bone and Cartilage > Flashcards

CT- Bone and Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

Fibrocartilage contains _____ that is very similar to dense regular connective tissue.

A

large bundles of regularly arranged collagen

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1
Q

_______ is growth from within.

A

Interstitial Growth

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1
Q

_______ causes defective resorption and increased bone mass.

A

Osteopetrosis

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2
Q

Chondrocytes reside in an isolated compartment called a _______.

A

lacuna

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2
Q

______ are derived from monocytes in the blood.

A

Osteoclasts

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3
Q

Interstitial Growth is growth _____.

A

from within

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3
Q

Osteoblasts initiate mineralization of the osteoid by secreting _______.

A

matrix vesicles

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4
Q

The inner surface where trabeculae contact internal soft tissue is called the ______.

A

endosteum

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5
Q

Hyaluronic acid promotes _______ and _______.

A

hydration; flexibility

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5
Q

_______ are present in the periosteal and endosteal surfaces, and in the soft connective tissue of the channels.

A

Osteoprogenitors

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7
Q

Chondrocytes make _____ and _____.

A

cartilage matrix; tissue

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7
Q

Bone matrix is unique in that it contains large amounts of a crystallized form of ____ and ___ called hydroxyapatite

A

Ca2+; PO4

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9
Q

______ can also arise from an external layer of connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage called the perichondrium.

A

Chondrocytes

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9
Q

Osteomalacia Rickets causes ______ by interfering with mineralization.

A

abnormal increase in uncalcified osteoid

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10
Q

Long range signals include _________ and________.

A

steroid hormones; calcium regulation hormones

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11
Q

Osteoclasts are derived from ______ in the blood.

A

monocytes

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11
Q

Where does appositional growth occur (specifically)?

A

perichondrium

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12
Q

______ causes abnormal increase in uncalcified osteoid by interfering with mineralization.

A

Osteomalacia Rickets

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13
Q

Osteoblasts secrete _____.

A

osteoid

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14
Q

______ contains collagen that forms relatively thin fibrils that are generally arranged in an irregular three dimensional pattern.

A

Hyaline cartilage

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15
Q

The ground substance of hyaline cartilage is rich in proteoglycans and the free glycosaminoglycan _____.

A

hyaluronic acid

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15
Q

What is osteoid?

A

un-mineralized extracellular matrix of bone

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16
Q

Fibrocartilage is found where _____and also in the _____.

A

tendons attach to bones; intervertebral discs

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18
Q

Elastic cartilage also contains thin collagen fibrils and proteoglycans, but is distinguished by abundant _____ and lamellae of _____.

A

elastic fibers; elastic material

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19
Q

________ stimulates calcium liberation (bone resorption).

A

Parathyroid hormone

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20
Q

Osteoblasts initiate __________ by secreting matrix vesicles.

A

mineralization of the osteoid

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21
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells can generate _____ and _____.

A

osteoblasts and osteocytes

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21
Q

_________ do not divide.

A

Osteocytes

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22
Q

Osteocytes are directly derived from _____.

A

osteoblasts

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22
Q

Osteocytes extend long processes through tiny channels, called ______.

A

canaliculi

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22
Q

At birth, the only region of proliferative cartilage that remains is beneath _________ and is called the epiphyseal plate.

A

these epiphyseal ossification regions

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23
Q

_____ arise initially from primitive mesenchymal cells.

A

Chondrocytes

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23
Q

________ is growth at the surface.

A

Appositional growth

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23
Q

Once growth stops, only a sheath of non-proliferative cartilage remains at the very end, called ______.

A

articular cartilage

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24
Q

The _____ all form by intramembranous ossification.

A

flat bones

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26
Q

Bone marrow consists of either _____ (red bone marrow) or _____ (white bone marrow).

A

hematopoietic tissue; adipose cells

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27
Q

______ link Haversian canals to each other and to the periosteum at the bone surface.

A

Volkmann’s canals

28
Q

Chondrocytes can also arise from an external layer of connective tissue that surrounds the cartilage called the ______.

A

perichondrium

29
Q

Bone lamellae surrounding a Haversian canal in concentric rings are called the _____.

A

osteon

30
Q

What does BMPs stand for?

A

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins

30
Q

Bone remodeling patterns are altered by ____ and other mechanical strains.

A

muscular movements

31
Q

Intramembranous ossification occurs in the absence of a __________.

A

pre-made cartilage tissue

31
Q

Name a short range signal.

A

Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs)

33
Q

The _____ contains dense connective tissue containing fibroblasts, bone precursors, and bone cells.

A

periosteum

34
Q

What is the initial product of intramembranous ossification?

A

a trabecular network of bone

35
Q

______ contains large bundles of regularly arranged collagen that is very similar to dense regular connective tissue.

A

Fibrocartilage

36
Q

______ occurs in the absence of a pre-made cartilage tissue.

A

Intramembranous ossification

37
Q

Bone matrix is unique in that it contains large amounts of a crystallized form of Ca2+ and PO4 called ______.

A

hydroxyapatite

38
Q

The outer surface covering the bone is called the _____.

A

periosteum

39
Q

What are isogenous groups?

A

groups of chondroctyes within a lacuna or still close together that are clones of cells derived from mitosis

40
Q

__________ occurs within previously made cartilage tissue.

A

Endochondral ossification

42
Q

Within the spaces between the trabeculae of the inner spongy bone is ______.

A

bone marrow

43
Q

______ stimulates calcium uptake into bone.

A

Calcitonin

45
Q

Elastic cartilage is found in the _____, in the ____, and the _____.

A

external ear, epiglottis, larynx

46
Q

Endochondral ossification occurs within ________.

A

previously made cartilage tissue.

48
Q

_____ also contains thin collagen fibrils and proteoglycans, but is distinguished by abundant elastic fibers and lamellae of elastic material.

A

Elastic cartilage

50
Q

The periosteum contains dense connective tissue containing _____, _____, and ______.

A

fibroblasts; bone precursors; bone cells

52
Q

The _______ is where most calcium mobilization and storage occurs.

A

endosteum

53
Q

Parathyroid hormone stimulates _______.

A

calcium liberation (bone resorption).

54
Q

Osteoblasts are connected to each other and to nearby osteocytes by ______.

A

gap junctions

55
Q

______ provides most of the strength of the bone for support, while the ______ provide extensive surface area for metabolism.

A

Compact bone; trabeculae

56
Q

Bone marrow consists of either hematopoietic tissue (______) or adipose cells (______).

A

red bone marrow; white bone marrow

57
Q

The ______ is rich in proteoglycans and the free glycosaminoglycan hyaluronic acid.

A

ground substance of hyaline cartilage

58
Q

Appositional growth is growth _______.

A

at the surface

59
Q

______ promotes hydration and flexibility.

A

Hyaluronic acid

60
Q

Calcitonin stimulates ______.

A

calcium uptake into bone

62
Q

The endosteum is where most ______ and _____ occurs.

A

calcium mobilization; storage

63
Q

What is condensation?

A

groups of mesenchymal cells coming together

65
Q

Compact bone provides _______ , while the trabeculae provide _____.

A

most of the strength of the bone for support; extensive surface area for metabolism

66
Q

Spongy bone is also called _____ or ______.

A

cancellous; trabecular bone

67
Q

_____ is found where tendons attach to bones and also in the intervertebral discs.

A

Fibrocartilage

68
Q

______ leads to decrease in bone mass due to defects in resorption/formation coupling.

A

Osteoporosis

69
Q

______ is found in the external ear, in the epiglottis, and the larynx.

A

Elastic cartilage

70
Q

In long bones, channels that traverse the long axis through compact bone are called ______.

A

Haversian canals

71
Q

______ are stem cells that are capable of cell division.

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

72
Q

Osteoblasts line the inner layers of both the ______ and _____ surfaces.

A

periosteal; endosteal

73
Q

Proliferative chondrocytes are sometimes called _____.

A

chondroblasts

74
Q

Chondrocytes arise initially from ______.

A

primitive mesenchymal cells

76
Q

The _______ is designed to resist compression and sheer forces.

A

fibrocartilage ECM

78
Q

________ make cartilage matrix and tissue.

A

Chondrocytes

80
Q

Volkmann’s canals link _____ to each other and to the ______ at the bone surface.

A

Haversian canals; periosteum

81
Q

Osteoporosis leads to decrease in bone mass due to defects in ______.

A

resorption/formation coupling

83
Q

Hyaline cartilage contains collagen that forms _____ that are generally arranged in ______.

A

relatively thin fibrils; an irregular three dimensional pattern.

84
Q

_____ is important for systems that promote calcium uptake from the intestine.

A

Vitamin D

85
Q

Elements of the central and peripheral nervous system can control ______.

A

bone metabolism

86
Q

Vitamin D is important for systems that promote _____.

A

calcium uptake from the intestine

87
Q

Osteopetrosis causes ______ and ______.

A

defective resorption and increased bone mass

88
Q

Bone and cartilage regulation is mediated by: 1) ______, 2)_______, and 3)______.

A

1) short range signals 2) long range signals 3) mechanical stress 4) neuronal stimulation

89
Q

______ secrete osteoid.

A

Osteoblasts

90
Q

At birth, the only region of proliferative cartilage that remains is beneath these epiphyseal ossification regions and is called the _______.

A

epiphyseal plate

M2M Unit IV (11 decks)

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