MISK CONTENT Flashcards
Classification of economic activity
- By Sector
- By the type of employment
Differences in economic activity and social factors
Urban areas: higher tertiary & quaternary jobs
Rural/peripheral areas: more primary sector
Linked to:
Access to education
Infrastructure & transport
Historical industrial development
Investment levels
Inequalities in pay and quality of life
higher pay
affects
- housing affordability
- access to services
- education and health outcomes
Declining rural settlements
Causes:
Outmigration of youth
Loss of services (schools, post offices)
Ageing population
Leads to:
Depopulation
Economic decline
Social isolation
Lived experiences of a place
Gender – safety, amenities
Age – availability of jobs vs. retirement services
Ethnicity – inclusion, cultural fit
Length of residence – emotional attachment
Deprivation levels – access to services, opportunities
Engagement – civic participation, local identity
Rate and type of development
Planning laws – restrict or allow development
House building targets – push urban growth
Housing affordability – influences gentrification
Fracking permissions – economic vs. environmental conflict
Powys Regeneration partnership
Rural Wales initiative
Aimed at economic diversification, improving broadband, supporting farming
Focused on community-led regeneration and sustainability
Bronte Country
Based in Yorkshire
Uses literary heritage to attract tourism
Rebranding helps:
Create a new image
Stimulate local economy
Preserve cultural identity
Evaluating regeneration success
income levels
poverty rates
employment stats
Measuring social progress
indicators
- reduced income
- better access to education and healthcare
- improved community cohesion
factors to judge regeneration
Social – crime rates, health, education
Demographic – population growth, age profile
Environmental – green space, pollution levels
Applied to both urban and rural settings
Perspectives of regeneration by stakeholders
Residents – quality of life, services
Local businesses – footfall, investment
Governments – economic growth, employment
Environmental groups – sustainability, green space
3 forms of development theory
- Modernisation
- dependancy
- world systems theory
Modernisation theory of development
Countries can develop by following the same stages to economic growth and adaptation as other globalised countries
- industrialisation
- capitalism
- technology
Dependacy theory
Argies that poor nations remain poor becuase they are exploited by wealthy ones
World systems theory
exapnds on dependncy theory by categorising countries into the
- core
- periphery
- semi periphery
this claims that inequality stems from exploitation of periry nations by core nations
impact of cultural diffusion
emergance of a global culture and cultural diffusion- such as changing diets
Cultural diffusion
drivers of globalisation such as TNC, Global media, Tourists, migrants all contribute to cultural diffusion
Opportunities for disadvantaged groups from globalisation
- rio 2016
- social media
- economic opportunities
Chinas open door policy- 1978
- Dismantling of agricultural communities
- farmers were allowed to profit
- 1979 one child policy ‘
- SEZ such as shenzen
- 300M left rural areas to cities
- low wage- workshop of the world
SEZ
A different trade laws than the rest of the country
UK environments agency
No equivialny in devlopign counters
Dongguan
Huan
Dongguan- workers were poisoned by I phone chemicals
Huan- workers were poisoned by steel
Indonesia
13M hectares of rainforest was destroyed for palm oil
Mumbi region population change
pop has doubles since 1970
what % pop in UAE is from India
45%
Changing diets in Asia
traditionally low meat but now higher meat
in the 1990’s chinas meat consumption has increased tenfold
china worlds biggest market for processed foods
In 2019 how many of the worlds poorest people had the same wealth as the top 1%
6.9 BN
How has global absolute poverty changed since 2000
halved
what % of earths land is agri land
40%
post accession migration
migration after joining the EU
Dispora
spread of a people from their original homeland
Mackinders heartland theory
Control of Eastern Europe = control of Heartland (Eurasia) → global dominance.
Influenced Cold War geopolitics (e.g. USSR expansion).
Criticised for ignoring sea power and modern tech.
Imperial power and the multipolar world
British Empire:
Maintained power via direct colonial control: military, trade monopolies, education, language.
Post-WWI:
Power split between UK, France, USA, Japan, USSR → multipolar world.
League of Nations had limited success.
Indirect control and neo colonialusm
Indirect Control & Neo-Colonialism
Neo-colonialism: economic/political influence instead of military force.
Tools: TNCs, debt, aid conditionality, trade terms.
China’s Belt & Road: 150+ countries, $1 trillion investment → influence in Asia, Africa, Latin America.
Rising rivals to US: China, Russia, EU.
Power Patterns and geopolitical stability
Unipolar (e.g. USA post-Cold War): stable but resented.
Bipolar (Cold War): tense, nuclear threat, proxy wars.
Multipolar (today): complex, potentially unstable (e.g. Ukraine, Taiwan).
Development theories
World Systems Theory: Core exploits periphery (Wallerstein).
Dependency Theory: Poor nations trapped by rich nations’ control.
Modernisation Theory: Linear progress model (Rostow), based on Western path.
Resource demands by superpowers
Current Resource Use:
USA: 4% of global pop → 17% of energy, 15% of food, 25% of oil.
China:
28% of global CO₂ emissions
World’s largest consumer of coal and steel
Uses 54% of global cement
India: Energy demand expected to double by 2040.
Growth Trends:
Global energy demand ↑ 50% by 2050 (IEA).
Water demand ↑ 55% by 2050 (UN).
By 2030, food demand ↑ 35%, especially in Asia.
Emerging powers
China, India: Growing economies, global influence.
Challenges: inequality, pollution, corruption.
Opportunities: middle-class growth, investment abroad.
Superpowers as a global police
Intervene for security, human rights, disasters.
Examples:
NATO in Libya (2011)
US in Iraq (2003)
Criticisms: biased, self-interest, destabilising.
Geostratagy
Strategic use of geography: alliances, military bases, chokepoints.
South China Sea, Suez Canal, Arctic = key contested zones.
IPCC
UN body on climate science.
Publishes AR (Assessment Reports).
2023: Warns of 1.5°C limit breach by 2030.
Influences treaties (e.g. Paris Agreement).
UN peacekeeping
🕊️ 11. UN Peacekeeping (UNPK)
Supports peace in conflict zones.
12+ current missions (e.g. DR Congo, Mali).
Issues: limited funding, reliance on member states, no permanent army.
Takeoff theroy
The takeoff is the most critical in terms of globalisation, stage where a country shifts from locally focused production towards international trade and investment
Rostow believes that foreign aid and investment could help developing countries reach takeoff
Critics argue that this model oversimilifes and is too western centric
In 2015- prelevance of education
617 million children (which is higher than 50% of those in education), are not achieving minimum proficiency levels
How many adults are illiterate in 2016
750 million
2/3 of which are wimmen
SDG’s
to be achieved by 2030
there are 17- such as no poverty
Australia policy development
has gone from a whites only policy to a very successful multicultural immigration policy which has led to low discrimination
Multilateral aid
aid to chairities in a country
in HATI the NGO budget has 3x the budget of the government
Bilateral aid
from donor country to a recipient country
NGO’s in Hati
there is 3x NGO budget than the national budget
Jobs lost to aid workers
NGO’s provide 70% of healthcare
85% of schooling
of the 10bn USD pledged only 2% made it to government
UNESCO
UN education, scientific, and cultural organisation- works to ensure rights to education
MDG
Agreed in 2000
deadline 2015
Geneva convention
- Ratified by 196 countries
- at time of conflict rights of those participants in the conflict
KOF
- Degress of globalisation
- uses economic social and political components
Freedom index
Political rights- civil liberties 0-100
UK= 92/100 hence ‘Free’
Hegemony
single powerful superpower
share of GDP and Pop the G20 has
85% of GDP
65% of world pop
Acculturalisation
a process of cultural change which takes place when two different cultures meet and interact
2 phases of an empire
- mercantile phase
small colonies usually on coast
navy protects establishing trade
-imperical phase
conquest of vast inland occurs
govt institutions are set up
more concrete power
Blue water navy
navy which plays in entire ocean
Green water navy
one which can old operate to defend its own shoreline
factors of power
political
military
cultural
resource
highest point of any unipolar wolrd
British empire pre ww1
how many new houses were there form the olympics
10,000
most people commuted to use the new health facilities not ones already living there
Millennium commissions
225 projects
all ambitions
eden project
1.3bn lottery moine
02 arena
tate modern
high risk imaginative investment
only 3 really failed projects
How can social progress be made
reduction in inequality
improvements in social development
demographic changes
diet changes
environmental quality
perception of sucsess
media coverage
personal perceptions and attitudes
personal experiences
genger
ethnicity
age
gorbals in south glasgow
1950 original tenements for Victorian workers had reputation for poverty and gangs.
Designed fosters crime
crown street regen
spacious flats
UP fell by 31%
25% cut in benifit claimants
marketing heritage examples
Bronte Britain
titanic quarters in belfast
Liverpool waters
regneratio nof 2KM of waters
twinning of the city with Shanghai
has created 17,000 new jobs
Regneration stratagies
infrastucuter to drive economic growth
tech led
sport art or culture
retail led
tourism led
themed events
new settlements
sustainable communities
social segregation
when low income households group together with high social welfare needs
commuter settlements
9.3million live in one
How to empower northern cities
George ozbrones nothern powerhouse
factors for measuring change
land use
demographic changes
employment
levels of deprivation
IMD
36 indicators
1000-1500 people
lower ranking more deprived
sink estates
- housing estates characterised by high levels of social deprivation, crime, violence, drugs and gangs
Gentrification
a change in the social structures of a place when affluent people mode in (soho)
studentifaction
littering, noise, seasonal economy, poor maintenance of buildings
war on the want- Tesco
a pressure group war on the want sent Gertrude to a shareholders meeting to tell them there was no female toilets. Tesco said to farm no more orders unless proper facilities installed
growth statistics for the south east of England
1997-2007 south 37% growth
2008-2018 south 48% growth
Lowest life expectancy
Glasgown North east
72.6 years for men
Where is the lowest rate of cancer in the UK
Chelsea
How many people have escaped poverty since 1990
1,000,000,000- 600,000,000 in china alone
how many refugees in 2018
67 million refugees
Post colonial migrants- example
Windrush
Far right statistic
German AFD got 20% vote in France
what is global production network
includes own offshore and outsourced production
simply is the link of all forms of production across the UK
Glocalisation
globalised TNC adapt practices for local tastes
Maharaja Mac- no beef in India
Lego hasn’t done this
Case study of economies with immense growth
Asian tiger economies
indoensia growth stat
1990-2019 inondesia saw 394% increase in economy
Foreign aquision example
Kraft and cadbury in 2010
KOF index for globalisation
this ranks countries level of globalisation
Switzerland won
UK was 5
AT Kearney index
world cities are ranked- London, New York, Tokyo, Paris, Hong Kong all Alpha cities
