Globalisation

Question 1

What is globalisation

Answer 1

The variety of ways in which a place becomes more interconnected socially, globally, politically and culturally to the wold it.

Question 2

What is economic globalisation?

Answer 2

The growth of transnational corporations accelerates cross border exchanges of goods and materials as well as finished goods. The digital economy has acted to catalyse economic flows of both capital and commodities.

Question 3

What is social globalisation?

Answer 3

International immigration has created extensive social networks that cross national borders. Global improvements in education and health can be seen over time with increasing life expectancy and literacy levels. Remittances.

Question 4

Political globalisation

Answer 4

The growth of trading blocks like NAFTA and the EU and BRIC’s allows for TNC expansion, merging and acquisitions. Other political financial organisations like the world bank and IMF and WTO encourages political engagement.

Question 5

Cultural globalisation

Answer 5

There has been an emergence of a global culture after mass migration with some cultural traits being preserved and some being adopted globally like technology ie I Phones.

Question 6

Global capital flows

Answer 6

At a global scale major capital flows are routed daily though the worlds stock market. A range of businesses also move capital regularity. In 2019 global flows reached 6.6 trillion per day.

Question 7

Commodity flows

Answer 7

Valuable raw materials such as oil and coal have always travelled between nations however recently these have increased..

Question 8

Tourist flows

Answer 8

Many of the worlds air passengers are holiday makers using Budget airlines. In recent times developing countries have also began utilising airlines.

Question 9

Information flows

Answer 9

The internet has catalysed the flow of information,

Question 10

Migration

Answer 10

The permanent flow of people is one the most opposed flows with governments having a divided approach.

Question 11

Development of railways

Answer 11

In the 1800’s railway networks expanded globally. By 1904 there was 9000 km of railways. Railway links connected Moscow with Japan. Today railway construction remains a priority for the government with China constructing over 35,000 km of rail since 2000.

Question 12

Development of telegraph communications

Answer 12

This was the first major electronic method of communication and it allowed for central office to devolve from manufacturing and for easier communication between elements of an organisation. Instead of orders or information taking days to travel from America to Europe communications could be made faster. This encouraged the expansion of corporations across the Atlantic because of how communication became more continent.

Question 13

The development in steamships contributing to the sinking world affect.

Answer 13

Britain became the leading power in the 1800s using steam technology to move goods and armies quickly along trade routes into Asia and Africa. This allowed for the global flow of goods to be more efficient and faster. This encouraged further globalisation by connecting more places which contributed to the shrinking world affect.
This paved the way for cheaper goods to be shipped from abroad and stimulated docklands in Liverpool and London.

Question 14

Aviation

Answer 14

The invention of aviation was quickly developed and by 1995 easyJet began to run short flights. By 2020 the company brought in £6.4 billion pounds.
Aviation also encouraged shipping by flights.
This grew globalisation because people could now travel further and faster for less money which resulted in the shrinking world affect.

Question 15

Containerisation as a factor causing the shrinking world affect

Answer 15

Containerisation was the process by which instead of different sized boxed being loaded miscellaneously onto a barge which then required a substantial amount of effort to sort at the docks- a slow and inefficient process. By loading products into a set sized unit, which can be loaded and unloaded in an organised manner with a set sized crane the process of shipping became cheaper, more efficient, and faster.
This led to the shrinking world effect because goods could move further and faster.

Question 16

Mobile phones as a development in global communication

Answer 16

The first telegraph and telephone across the Atlantic in the 1860’s replaced a three weeklong journey for mail. This revolutionised how business was conducted. In parts of Africa where these lines have never been laid some countries are ‘leap frogging’ this technology and are going straight onto mobile phones.

Question 17

The Internet and social networking as a factor causing the time space compression.

Answer 17

The internet and social networks are started as part of a scheme funded by the us department of defence after the second world war and they laid the key infrastructure. This was a way of linking important research computers in different locations. Since then connectivity

Question 18

Time space compression

Answer 18

This is the perception that the size of the earth reduces as flows take less time.

Question 19

Bretton woods organisations

Answer 19

These organisations were established after the second world war as a means of boosting the world economy.

Question 20

World Bank

Answer 20

The world bank lends money on a global trade. With headquarters in Washington. An example includes a $470 million loan to the Philippines for the reduction of poverty. Loans are also given directly to countries. Distributed 64bn in loans in 2018 however strict conditions are imposed. All presidents have been USA citizens.

Question 21

IMF (International monetary fund)

Answer 21

The imf channels loans from wealthy countries to poorer ones. In return recipients must agree to run free market economies that are open to FDI. This allows TNC’s to easily invest in the emerging economy. USA exerts significant pressure over this organisation despite the fact there has only ever been a European President.IMF rules are strict and controversial, especially the strict financial conditions imposed on borrowing governments. This can lead to the IMF forcing governments to cut funds to health, education, sanitation, and housing programs.

Question 22

WTO (World trade organisation)

Answer 22

Based in Switzerland the WTO advocates for trade liberalism especially for manufactured goods. It asks counties to abandon protectionist attitudes in favour of untaxed trade. The two has failed to stop the UK and the USA from subsidising its own farming industries. This is harmful to farmers in developing countries as they cannot trade on a level playing field.

Question 23

Free market liberalism

Answer 23

The process by which the government does not involve itself in trade and leaves markets to determine supply and demand. This is a right wing economic policy.

Question 24

Definition and explanation of trade blocks.

Answer 24

Voluntary international organisations that exist for trading purposes bringing greater economic strength and security to the nations that join.
Free trade is encouraged between these blocks.
As a country joins a firm that operates in that country now has access to every citizen of that trade block. This enlarged market increases demand for a product and globalisation.
The EU, ASEAN (association of southeast Asian nations), BRICS and NAFTA.
For example, with NAFTA US firms can take advantage of cheaper manufacturing in Mexico.

Question 25

Special economic zones

Answer 25

Areas of a country which has different economic policy to other areas.

Question 26

Chinas open door policy 1978 to date.

Answer 26

Prior to 78 China was poor and politically isolates country. China was ‘switched off’ to global flows. Millions had died from famine in rural areas. The earliest reforms began in rural areas, Agri communities were dismantled, and farmers were allowed to profit for the first time. Strict controls on the number of children were introduced to curb growth. Chinas transformation into an urban nation gained rapid momentum. 300 million people moved into special economic zones in search of a better life. Only strict regulation prevented the complete emptying of cities. This initial surge of low wage migrants gave China the nickname ‘workshop of the world’ and large tnc’s were quick to set up locations. By the 90’s over 50% of Chinas GDP is created in these zones. 400 million people have escaped poverty.

Question 27

Chinas open door approach to global flows

Answer 27

• Fdi from China and its TNC’s is predicted to total over 1.25 trillion- 100bn of this is to the UK.
• China agreed to export more rare earth metals.
• Foreign tnc’s are allowed to invest in some sectors including its rail freight and chemical industries.

Question 28

Chinas closed door approach to global flows.

Answer 28

• Technology companies like google and Facebook have little to no access in China.
• Chinas government sets a strict quota of 34 foreign films to be shown/yr.
• There are strict controls on tnc’s in some areas. For example, coca colas acquisition of Haiyan juice in 2008.

Question 29

KOF Index

Answer 29

An index for measuring the level of social, economic, cultural globalisation. according to this index in 2018 Switzerland and the Netherlands are the most globalised. Validity of criteria such as participation in UN peacekeeping missions and TV ownership. GDP ranking sees china as the largest economy however it ranks China 80th because it’s less political engaged.

Question 30

A.T Kearney index

Answer 30

An index ranking global cities New York, London, Paris, Tokyo, and Hong Kong as the most globalised cities. The measure ranks political engagement, business activity and cultural experience. Data counts can include number of embassies, museums and TNC headquarters.

Question 31

Offshoring

Answer 31

Moving production overseas to reduce labour or other costs.

Question 32

Outsourcing

Answer 32

Contracting another company to preform a duty the firm was originally doing. this allows the firm to benefit from the economies of scale of other firms. This results in a global production network. For example, 2500 suppliers provide elements for minis mini cooper.
GPN Growth owes much to trade liberalism expansion efforts. However, this brings risks because natural hazards such as the 2011 tsunami can disrupt global supply chains. Horsemeat entered supermarket supply in 2013.
To tackle this some TNC’s are re-shoring to bring their manufacturing closer to home.

Question 33

Reshoreing

Answer 33

Bringing production back into the home county of a TNC to ensure that production networks maintain security.

Question 34

Switched off places

Answer 34

Places that are unconnected to global flows and are ungloabalsied. IE North Korea

Question 35

Case study for switched off places

Answer 35

The Sahel- poverty affects most people in this region. LDC’s lacking a coastline may struggle to attract FDI

Question 36

Subsistence farmers

Answer 36

Farmers which farm for themselves as well as their families but are not cash croppers.

Question 37

Global shift

Answer 37

the international reallocation of different types of economic activity.
Global shift has seen manufacturing industries in places like the UK and EU shift to developing nations in places like Asia and Africa.
Costs and benefits of global shift

Question 38

Benefits of global shift.

Answer 38

Reduction in poverty and waged work. Education and training, investment in infrastructure.

Question 39

Poverty reduction and a waged work as a factor boosting global shift.

Answer 39

Since 1990 a billion people have escaped $1.25/ day poverty. Most of these people live in Asia and 600 million of them alone live in China. By 2030 it is predicted that Asia will be home to 3 billion middle class people.

Question 40

Education and training as a benefit of global shift.

Answer 40

Following significant improvements in Asian education, albeit unevenly, a growing educated class has been at the forefront for Asia’s quaternary sectors research in biotechnology and medical science.

Question 41

Infrastructure investment as a benefit of global shift.

Answer 41

TNC’s invest in overseas operations which is accompanied by an increase in infrastructure investment to make the factory more efficient (water, energy connections to a certain area, mobile data signal) which is at the benefit of other TNC’s who may wish to invest in said area as well as citizens. These infrastructure investments may result in the loss of older informal settlements as well as recreational spaces.

Question 42

Environmental and resource pressure as a benefit of global shift.

Answer 42

The flip side of economic growth is the acceleration of environmental decline associated with TNC’s. forested land has been sacrificed to globalisation, logging, and cash cropping. Since 1990 Nigeria’s forests have halved in size. Productive crop land is then over exploited which can result in soil erosion.

Question 43

Unplanned settlements as a cost of global shift.

Answer 43

When migrating to areas which have attractive pull factors link jobs, healthcare and other opportunities, migrants often opt to settle in informal settlements should affordable housing not be accessible. An example of this is Mumbi’s Dahari slum.

Question 44

Deindustriablsation definition

Answer 44

the decline of a regionally important manufacturing industry. The decline can be charted either in terms of the workforce numbers or output and production measures.
During the 1960-70’s significant deindustrialisation occurred in the UK and many people became U/P this left many cities with a high proportion of u/p mainly due to a mismatch of skills. Following the closure of the mines and factories many cities became stuck in a cycle of decline. This led to the following environmental and social problems. - High unemployment- Detroit has yet to replace many of the jobs that were lost when many of the automobile industry left the city.
- Crime- losers of globalisation often are more vulnerable and many turn to the informal economy to provide work for example drugs. When areas are switched off to global flows, they may become switched to illegal global flows of people trafficking and drugs.
- Depopulation- as jobs are no longer available people move out. Wealthier citizens leaver earlier than poorer ones as they can afford the move. This then leads to only the poorest citizens remaining because they cannot afford to move. This also leads to a destabilisation of the housing market.
- Dereliction of factories and homes from depopulation. This leads to contaminated materials leading into the environment and water table.

Question 45

Rural- urban migration

Answer 45

when migrants move from rural areas to urban areas

Question 46

Environmental sustainability of urban growth.

Answer 46

• Environmental sustainability: water pollution from untreated sewage and air pollution from industry and exhausts, create challenges for city planners. The severity of these problems depends on their economic and physical context: Athens and Rome still suffer from smog due to anticyclone weather conditions. On the other hand, India suffers from significant rainfall and flooding due to sewer failures.

Question 47

Social sustainability of urban growth.

Answer 47

• Social sustainability: provision of adequate urban housing, health care and education are a major challenge for planners in developing countries. Mass migration into Lagos (Nigeria) means these cities have doubled in size since 2000. The challenge in many developed countries is to regulate housing price especially in places like London which have a strong greenbelt. Social suitability is hard to meet unless housing needs are met.

Question 48

Elite international migration

Answer 48

highly skilled or socially influenced individuals. Their wealth derives from their inherited assets or their profession. Some migrants live as ‘global citizens’ and have multiple homes in different countries. Many governments welcome these migrants. An example of these are Russian oligarchs whose families benefited from the deconstruction of the Soviet Union. Many live in London and invest money.

Question 49

Global hub

Answer 49

is a global connected place or city like London.

Question 50

Low waged international migrants.

Answer 50

these migrants are drawn to global hubs in large numbers. Many countries are home to low paying workers working in cleaning, hospitality, or construction. An example of these is India people moving into the UAE to take advantage of low paying jobs, with the wages can be sent home as remittances. About 45% of the population of the UAE are migrants from India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. 15 billion is returned to India every year in the form of remittances.

Question 51

Internal migration

Answer 51

also known as rural to urban migration is the main driver for migration within a city in developing countries but does play a lesser role in Europe and north America.

Question 52

Social costs and benefits of migration.

Answer 52

Cost- host
Social tensions and prejudices may arise.
Cost- source
Loss of key workers.
Closure of university courses.
Benefit- host
Fills vacancies.
Will do work that workers may not choose to otherwise do.
Benefit- source
Migrants may return bringing new skills.

Question 53

Political costs and benefits of migration.

Answer 53

Cost- host
Political parties change their polies to benefit the people.
Cost- source
Loss of key workers.
Loss of workforce- factor of economic production.
Consumption falls so economy shrinks further.
Benefit- host
Contribute to the economy.
May start their own businesses.
Benefit- source
Migrant remittances may contribute a significant share of GDP.
Government spending costs like benefits are transferred to the host country. Education.

Question 54

environmental costs and benefits for migration.

Answer 54

Cost- host
As more infrastructure is built more cost to the environment.
Cost- source
Decline and deprivation to build environments.
Benefit- source
Less pressure on natural resources.

Question 55

Changing diets in Asia.

Answer 55

Changing diets in Asia: traditional diets in Asia are low in meat and high in vegetables. Rising affluence is causing an increase in meat consumption which increases land pressure.
Forced assimilation of cultural is called cultural imperialism.
People across the world were forced to adopt British.
Modern day globalisation takes place through the exposure to brands and other entities.
One form of this is that over 4 billion people speak a basic form of English.

Question 56

TNC’s as a vector speeding cultural diffusion.

Answer 56

The global distribution of food and clothes and other goods by TNC’s has played a major role in shaping the global culture. Glocalization takes place which is essentially a sophisticated form of cultural imperialism.

Question 57

Global media as a vector spreading cultural diffusion

Answer 57

Disney has exported its stories all over the globe.
The BBC’s reach all over the globe helps to maintain influence all over the globe.
Some places gain a window into western culture and history through shows like Downton abbey. OTOH shows like strictly or BGT are completely re-filmed for other countries.

Question 58

Migration and tourism as a vector speeding global culture.

Answer 58

Migration brings enormous cultural challenges to places. Today’s tourist introduced cultural change to the cultural places that they visit.
Migration can affect the culture of host regions. The cultural change may only be partial.

Question 59

Hyper globalisation

Answer 59

western culture is emerging because of cultural erosion in different places.

Question 60

Types of cultural erosion

Answer 60

Loss of language, loss of traditional food, loss of traditional music, loss of traditional clothes, loss of social relationships.

Question 61

Hyper globalisation

Answer 61

Extreme globalisation. Hyperglobalists are optimistic about the emergence of a global culture because with it comes with reduced discrimination based on sexuality, gender, or race.

Question 62

Cultural change in France

Answer 62

France: France is fiercely protective of its culture and intelligence, particularly in a world heavily influenced by the internet and the English language. The French government is extremely protective about its culture. Under local contact law, 40 percent of TV must consist of French productions. French music is also heavily protected on French radio stations.

Question 63

China as a case study for cultural change.

Answer 63

China: the great firewall of China prevents users from using the BBC or Facebook services. Chinas government sets a strict quota of 34 foreign films per year. A greater percentage of Chinese people now celebrate Christmas.

Question 64

Nigeria as a case study for global change

Answer 64

Nigeria: after news broke about oil spills damaging Nigeria’s Ongoiland, Ken Siro- Wiwa led protests which gained media attention. He was executed in 1995.

Question 65

Development definition

Answer 65

is the measured in the west in many ways using both single and composite measures. When assessing the value of different measures, it is helpful to distinguish between issues of validity and reliability.
For a measure to be valid there should be broad agreement that it has relevance. To be reliable a measure must use trustworthy data.

Question 66

Income per capita and GDP

Answer 66

average income for a group of people. Calculated by taking net income and dividing it by the total population.
GDP is a widely used measure. It is the final value of the output of goods and services inside a nation’s borders. Each country’s annual figures. GDP is not easy to estimate because it is translated into USD for comparison which leads to some countries having an over or underrepresented GDP. In addition to this the cost of comparable goods is not included. In a low-cost economy where goods are cheaper 1USD goes further and so a nations GDP figures should be increased to match this.

Question 67

Economic sector balance

Answer 67

A country or region’s economy can be crudely divided into 4 economic sectors, Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The share each of these takes indicates the development and level of globalisation a country has.

Question 68

HDI

Answer 68

This is a composite measure that ranks countries according to economic criteria (GDP per capita, adjusted for purchasing power) and social criteria (life expectancy and literacy). This is then produced on a ranking from 0 to 1. In 2019 Norway ranked first and Niger ranked last place.

Question 69

Gender inequality measures GII

Answer 69

This is a composite measure measuring gender inequality related to 3 aspects of the global economy. These are -reproductive health -Empowerment -Labour force participation.

Question 70

Air pollution indicies

Answer 70

This shows air quality and highlights that air quality is often low in developing nations. Air quality usually improves as a nation develops. The measures consider the air quality outside people’s homes as well as inside them.

Question 71

Trends in widening inequality

Answer 71

A steep rise in world money supply during the globalisation era has been accompanied by a changing pattern of global wealth. Absolute poverty has fallen consistently alongside a rise in average incomes in every continent since 1950. Many countries have also advanced from LIC to MIC. There is also a growing wealth divide within nations.
The Gini coefficient is a useful analytical tool that can help explore these patterns and trends further. It does this by ranking 0-100 the scale.
Major environmental issues are linked with globalisation including climate change and biodiversity loss. Large scale global flows of cheap food are good news for European and north American nations however this has led to habitat and biodiversity loss on a continental scale. The negative impacts of agribusiness operations penetrate deeply into many of the world’s poorer regions like southeast Africa. Intensive cash cropping (is a product which is grown to make a profit- not subsistence farmers) and cattle ranching has led to groundwater depletion and the removal of mangrove forests.

Question 72

Contrasting trends in economic development

Answer 72

Since 1970 the average Asian income has risen above poverty levels. This has been driving by the modernisation of Japan, China, and south’ Korea. Incomes some African households remain closer to the poverty line.
Large income gains have been made in Tunisia and other parts of north Africa. Elsewhere port towns are also emerging in places like Cape Town. The emergence of these port towns is directly because of globalisation.

Question 73

Open borders

Answer 73

When 2 bordering nations have a free border movement agreement like is in presence in the EU.

Question 74

Post accession migration

Answer 74

from when, in 2004, eight eastern European countries joined the EU and the open borders area increased dramatically. This then led to unseen levels of migration.

Question 75

Extremism in Europe

Answer 75

In some EU states, nationalist parties command significant support. Nationalist parties often oppose immigration. This is just one example of how immigration has developed and is now assuming its place on the EU political stage.

Question 76

Environmental tensions over water in southeast Asia.

Answer 76

Trans boundary water conflicts in southeast Asia can, in part, be lined with a globalisation. In recent years tension and conflict has grown between user groups and countries. TNC’s and fdi have catalysed commercial growth which has resulted in increasing pressure on the water supply. India is also set to become water scarce by 2025 and the lack of access to clean water could lead to conflict in the region.

Question 77

Censorship as an attempt to control the spread of globalisation

Answer 77

Around 40 world governments limit their citizens freedom to access online information. However, a dark web still exists which is harder to control.
For example, in China there is internet censorship and has been for the last 70 under the rule of the communist party. Facebook, Instagram, tic tok are all banned under the great firewall of China which limits cultural globalisation.

Question 78

Limited immigration as an attempt to control the spread of globalisation

Answer 78

Laws can be strengthened to reduce the quantity of economic migrants. However irregular immigration is hard to tackle.
Since 2010 a five-tier point system has been in place in the UK designed t help control immigration by checking that economic migrants possess the skills or resources that the economy needs. After the GFC significantly fewer migrants left the UK.

Question 79

Trade protectionism as an attempt to control the spread of globalisation

Answer 79

Despite the efforts of the Bretton woods institutions to limit trade protectionism countries like the UK and USA still subsidize their farming industries. Including International Monitary Fund.

Question 80

Resource nationalism

Answer 80

describes an emerging attitude for state governments to take measures ensuring that domestic industries and consumers have priory access to a countries resource. Cultural groups I am nation may sometimes take a view that external firms may not access a countries resource and exploit them for their own, external, gain. Landscape can be threatened as was seen to the ogni people with their ongoing conflict with shell in Nigeria.

Question 81

First nations in Canada

Answer 81

Canada is home to six groups of indigenous people who are known as the first nations. Many of these groups resist the attempts of many oil companies to ‘switch on’ Canadas oil production capabilities. Concerns include the death of fish in polluted rivers as well as the increased consumption of alcohol and drugs as consumed by the oil people.

Question 82

Consumer societies

Answer 82

A society in which the production and consumption of a food and service is the most important social and economic activity.

Question 83

Ecological footprint

Answer 83

A cute measurement of the area of land in which is required to a person or society with the energy, food, and resources needed to live and absorb waste.

Question 84

Transition towns

Answer 84

a settlement where individuals and businesses have adopted the bottom up imitative with the aim of making their community more sustainable and less reliant on global trade.

Question 85

Private environmental actions

Answer 85

In the absence of sustainability some environmentally minded citizens adopt an ethical consumption strategy by purchasing local sourced food and commodities. These citizens boycott supermarket goods with a high milage and local pressure groups play a key role in promoting local sourcing.

Question 86

Eden Project

Answer 86

Feeds 90% of the 600,000 visitors from local sources.

Question 87

Todmorden- a transition town

Answer 87

A small town in the south Pennines has become a transition town with much of the food on sale being grown locally. This campaign aims to encourage consumers and growers to work together for the long term good of the planet.

Question 88

Ethical purchase

Answer 88

a transaction in which the consumer has contemplated the social and environmental implication of their consumption.
Ethical purchases are increasingly available thanks to the work of NGO’s, charities, and businesses with a growing social responsibility agenda.

Question 89

impacts of fair-trade consumption schemes

Answer 89

The fairtrade foundations certificate offers a higher, fairer, price to farmers and some manufactures.
Fairtrade products include coffee, bananas, and wine.
The Waitrose foundation has also embraced fairer trading principles by improving pay for farmers in its own supply chains.
Fairtrade is effective at communicating its mission however some customers cannot afford the higher price or simply choose not to pay it.
However, as the scheme grows it becomes harder to ensure that money has fairly been distributed.
It is not possible for all farmers to join this as the price is fixed.

Question 90

Supply chain monitoring as an ethical consumption scheme

Answer 90

Large businesses increasingly accept the need more cooperate social responsibility.
The largest TNC’s have many products which results in greater risk of exploitation somewhere in the supply chain which thusly requires significant monitoring.
Apple invested in a screen supplier which exposed workers to toxic which resulted in poisonings.
Places such as GAP or Nike now prohibit worker exploitation in their factors, but it is hard to completely monitor the entire workforce for all their suppliers.
What’s out of sight cannot necessarily be seen.

Question 91

NGO Action as a vector boosting ethical consumption

Answer 91

Charity ‘war on the want’ helped south African fruit pickers. It flew a woman named Gertrudia to a Tesco shareholders meeting and this resulted in Tesco telling its suppliers that it would source another suppler if they did not supply female toilets. NGO’s have limited financial resource. This can limit the rate in which they can achieve their goals.
Many people remain uncorroded with worker exploitation.

Question 92

Role of recycling

Answer 92

At the end of their life goods are sent to waste in landfill sites. An alternative of this is recycling. This reduces the rate by which new natural resources are used. However, the transport of waste to recycling cites such as China does present a significant rescore consumption.
Recycling can be viewed as the first step of the ambitious move toward the circular economy. This move calls for a more careful management of materials.
NGO’s like keep Britain tidy have had significant sucsess in reducing litter and therefore increasing sustainability.