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abdominal sonography > Miscellaneous > Flashcards

Miscellaneous Flashcards

1
Q

What is an abscess?

A

A complex mass (solid, cystic, debris, septation, gas).

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2
Q

What lab values are seen with an abscess?

A

Increase WBC and fever

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3
Q

Gas within the abscess may produce what?

A

Reverberation artifact. (comet-tail)

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4
Q

What is an extrahepatic collection of extravasated bile?

A

Biloma

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5
Q

What causes bilomas?

A

Abdominal trauma, GB dz, Biliary surgery.

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6
Q

What are biloma predominantly made up of and where are they located ?

A

cystic masses and RUQ

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7
Q

What causes lymphoceles?

A

Leakage of lymph from a renal allograft or surgical disruption of the lymphatic system

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8
Q

What types of surgeries causes lymphocele ?

A

Renal TX, GYN/vasc/Urology surgeries

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9
Q

What is other differential diagnosis of a lymphocele?

A

Ascites, urinomas, hematoma, or abscess.

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10
Q

What is a collection of urine located outside of the kidney or bladder?

A

Urinoma

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11
Q
A
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12
Q

What causes a urinoma?

A

Renal TX and Posterior urethral valve obstruction

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13
Q

What can a urinoma look similar to ?

A

Lymphocele

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14
Q

What is DDH?

A

Development dysplasia of the hip
Prox femur and acetabulum that lead to the hip dislocation

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15
Q

what are the risk factors of hip dysplasia?

A

female, first born, frank breech, family Hx
oligohydramnios

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16
Q

when is a Hip ultrasound performed?

A

4 weeks of age

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17
Q

Wha are the stress maneuvers for hip displasia?

A

Barlow and Ortolani

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18
Q

What is the Barlow and Ortolani hip maneuvers?

A

Barlow (dislocating)- ADDucting and pushing the legs posterior

Ortolani (relocating)- ABDucting the hips into the socket. “clunk”

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19
Q

What is lymphoma and what are the types of lymphomas?

A

proliferation of mature lymphocyte (b-cell)
Non-Hodgkins
Hodgkins

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20
Q

What is clinically associated with lymphoma

A

various viral infections
- Espstein, Human immue/T-lmph, Hep C and herpes

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21
Q

What is a sonographic sign of lymphoma?

A

sandwich or mantle

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22
Q

Where is the sandwich or mantle sign seen at?

A

Clusters of lymph nodes seen anterior and posterior to AO, IVS and SMA.
- Displaces IVC and SMA anteriorly

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23
Q

What are symptoms of lymphoma

A

Fever, night sweats, weight loss

24
Q

How is ascites produced ?

A

Low serum osmotic pressure (prtien loss)
High portal venous pressure

25
Q

What causes ascites?

A

Cirrhosis, Renal fail, CHF, and cancer

26
Q

What is the result of hypoalbuminemia ?

A

Liver fail, nephrotic syndrome, malnutrition

27
Q

where is ascites found?

A

Inf liver, Morison pouch, pelvic cul-de-sac, paracolic gutters.

28
Q

In the presents of ascites what happens to the Gb?

A

GB thickening

29
Q

what is the progressive accumulation of mucus-secreting tumor cells within the peritoneum

A

Pseudomxoma Peritonei (malignacy)
- Appendix cancer matted loops of bowel

30
Q

what are the two types of pleural effusions?

A

Transudative and Exudative effusions

31
Q

what is Transudative and Exudative effusions

A

Transudative- pressure infiltration (heart, liver, kidney failure)
Exudative- Inflammation
(Pneumonia, cancer, PE)

32
Q

What is a Pneumothorax

A

Absence of gliding of the parietal and visceral pleura - comet tail artifact

33
Q

What is the limited of Thora fluid that can be taken off and to avoid what?

A

1.5L
Avoid hypotension and pulmonary edema

34
Q

What is a baker cyst and what causes it?

A

Synovial fluid in the med aspect of pop
Rheumatoid and osteoarthritis, overuse of knees

35
Q

What is a giant cell tumor?

A

solid mass of the tendon shealth found on hand and wrist. (similar to ganglion cyst)

36
Q

Internal echos within a fluid collection could be what ?

A

Abscess or hematoma.

37
Q

The rectus abdominus muscles extend longitudinally and connect to what ?

A

The zyphoid process and Public bone

38
Q

The rectus abdominus muscles are encases in a sheath that joins midline to form what?

A

Linea alba

39
Q

The ant and post rectus sheath extend from what two points?

A

Costal margin to the arcuate line

40
Q

Rectus sheath hematoma result of bleeding from what vessels?

A

Superior and inferior epigastric vessels

41
Q

If there is a rectus hematoma superior to the arcuate line what happens

A

Confined between ant and post sheaths and shouldnt move due to the linea alba.

42
Q

If there is a rectus hematoma inferior to the arcuate line what happens

A

Extend to the space of retzius and cause external compression of the bladder due to weak transvers fascia and no post sheath

43
Q

What happens in the result of extensive bleeding ?

A

decrease in hematocrit and hypovolemoc shock.

44
Q

What causes rectus sheath hematomas?

A

external/surgery trauma, vigorus muscle contration (vomiting/coaughing), pregnancy

45
Q

Rectus steath hematoma is a recognized complication of what?

A

Anticoagulation therapy

46
Q

Where is the space of retzius?

A

anterior tot bladder

47
Q

What is the most common hernia?

A

inginal hernia

48
Q

What is the difference between a Indirect and a Direct inguinal hernia?

A

Indirect is Lateral to inferior epigastric art
Direct is Medial to inferior epigastric art
Indirect goes into the scrotum
Direct abdominal wall inside of indirect

(IN-LAT)
(D-MED)

49
Q

Where is a spigelian hernia?

A

In the lateral rectus abdominus muscle

50
Q

Where are the following hernais located?
- epigastric
- umbilical
- Femorla
- Obturator

A
  • Epigastric- midline b/t breast bone and umbilicus
  • Umbilical near umbilicus (natural weakness of wall)
  • Femoral within femoral conal near FV ( pregnancy)
  • Obturator protudes from pelvic cavity through pelvic bone (difficult to diagnose)
51
Q

What is incarcerated hernias

A

trapped tissue and cannot be moved back to place (leads to obstruction and strangulation)

52
Q

what is strangulated hernia?

A

Cuts off blood flow

53
Q

What are the abdominal wall layers in the inguinal region

A

Skin, external & internal oblique muscles, transversus abdominus muscle, transversalis fascia, and peritoneum.

54
Q

What is another name for a parallell skeletal muscle and what is it

A

Fusiform
long axis muscle fibers
EX. biceps, sartorius

55
Q

What is another name for a convergent skeletal muscle and what is it?

A

Triangular
muscle converge towards a single tendon
EX. pectoralis major

56
Q

What is a pennate skeletla muscle

A

muscle fibers branch from central tendon diagonally (feather like)
EX> rectus femoris, deltoid.

57
Q

What are major viruses to be concerned about ?

A

HIV, Hep B and C

abdominal sonography (9 decks)

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