Miscellaneous Flashcards
What is an abscess?
A complex mass (solid, cystic, debris, septation, gas).
What lab values are seen with an abscess?
Increase WBC and fever
Gas within the abscess may produce what?
Reverberation artifact. (comet-tail)
What is an extrahepatic collection of extravasated bile?
Biloma
What causes bilomas?
Abdominal trauma, GB dz, Biliary surgery.
What are biloma predominantly made up of and where are they located ?
cystic masses and RUQ
What causes lymphoceles?
Leakage of lymph from a renal allograft or surgical disruption of the lymphatic system
What types of surgeries causes lymphocele ?
Renal TX, GYN/vasc/Urology surgeries
What is other differential diagnosis of a lymphocele?
Ascites, urinomas, hematoma, or abscess.
What is a collection of urine located outside of the kidney or bladder?
Urinoma
What causes a urinoma?
Renal TX and Posterior urethral valve obstruction
What can a urinoma look similar to ?
Lymphocele
What is DDH?
Development dysplasia of the hip
Prox femur and acetabulum that lead to the hip dislocation
what are the risk factors of hip dysplasia?
female, first born, frank breech, family Hx
oligohydramnios
when is a Hip ultrasound performed?
4 weeks of age
Wha are the stress maneuvers for hip displasia?
Barlow and Ortolani
What is the Barlow and Ortolani hip maneuvers?
Barlow (dislocating)- ADDucting and pushing the legs posterior
Ortolani (relocating)- ABDucting the hips into the socket. “clunk”
What is lymphoma and what are the types of lymphomas?
proliferation of mature lymphocyte (b-cell)
Non-Hodgkins
Hodgkins
What is clinically associated with lymphoma
various viral infections
- Espstein, Human immue/T-lmph, Hep C and herpes
What is a sonographic sign of lymphoma?
sandwich or mantle
Where is the sandwich or mantle sign seen at?
Clusters of lymph nodes seen anterior and posterior to AO, IVS and SMA.
- Displaces IVC and SMA anteriorly
What are symptoms of lymphoma
Fever, night sweats, weight loss
How is ascites produced ?
Low serum osmotic pressure (prtien loss)
High portal venous pressure
What causes ascites?
Cirrhosis, Renal fail, CHF, and cancer
What is the result of hypoalbuminemia ?
Liver fail, nephrotic syndrome, malnutrition
where is ascites found?
Inf liver, Morison pouch, pelvic cul-de-sac, paracolic gutters.
In the presents of ascites what happens to the Gb?
GB thickening
what is the progressive accumulation of mucus-secreting tumor cells within the peritoneum
Pseudomxoma Peritonei (malignacy)
- Appendix cancer matted loops of bowel
what are the two types of pleural effusions?
Transudative and Exudative effusions
what is Transudative and Exudative effusions
Transudative- pressure infiltration (heart, liver, kidney failure)
Exudative- Inflammation
(Pneumonia, cancer, PE)
What is a Pneumothorax
Absence of gliding of the parietal and visceral pleura - comet tail artifact
What is the limited of Thora fluid that can be taken off and to avoid what?
1.5L
Avoid hypotension and pulmonary edema
What is a baker cyst and what causes it?
Synovial fluid in the med aspect of pop
Rheumatoid and osteoarthritis, overuse of knees
What is a giant cell tumor?
solid mass of the tendon shealth found on hand and wrist. (similar to ganglion cyst)
Internal echos within a fluid collection could be what ?
Abscess or hematoma.
The rectus abdominus muscles extend longitudinally and connect to what ?
The zyphoid process and Public bone
The rectus abdominus muscles are encases in a sheath that joins midline to form what?
Linea alba
The ant and post rectus sheath extend from what two points?
Costal margin to the arcuate line
Rectus sheath hematoma result of bleeding from what vessels?
Superior and inferior epigastric vessels
If there is a rectus hematoma superior to the arcuate line what happens
Confined between ant and post sheaths and shouldnt move due to the linea alba.
If there is a rectus hematoma inferior to the arcuate line what happens
Extend to the space of retzius and cause external compression of the bladder due to weak transvers fascia and no post sheath
What happens in the result of extensive bleeding ?
decrease in hematocrit and hypovolemoc shock.
What causes rectus sheath hematomas?
external/surgery trauma, vigorus muscle contration (vomiting/coaughing), pregnancy
Rectus steath hematoma is a recognized complication of what?
Anticoagulation therapy
Where is the space of retzius?
anterior tot bladder
What is the most common hernia?
inginal hernia
What is the difference between a Indirect and a Direct inguinal hernia?
Indirect is Lateral to inferior epigastric art
Direct is Medial to inferior epigastric art
Indirect goes into the scrotum
Direct abdominal wall inside of indirect
(IN-LAT)
(D-MED)
Where is a spigelian hernia?
In the lateral rectus abdominus muscle
Where are the following hernais located?
- epigastric
- umbilical
- Femorla
- Obturator
- Epigastric- midline b/t breast bone and umbilicus
- Umbilical near umbilicus (natural weakness of wall)
- Femoral within femoral conal near FV ( pregnancy)
- Obturator protudes from pelvic cavity through pelvic bone (difficult to diagnose)
What is incarcerated hernias
trapped tissue and cannot be moved back to place (leads to obstruction and strangulation)
what is strangulated hernia?
Cuts off blood flow
What are the abdominal wall layers in the inguinal region
Skin, external & internal oblique muscles, transversus abdominus muscle, transversalis fascia, and peritoneum.
What is another name for a parallell skeletal muscle and what is it
Fusiform
long axis muscle fibers
EX. biceps, sartorius
What is another name for a convergent skeletal muscle and what is it?
Triangular
muscle converge towards a single tendon
EX. pectoralis major
What is a pennate skeletla muscle
muscle fibers branch from central tendon diagonally (feather like)
EX> rectus femoris, deltoid.
What are major viruses to be concerned about ?
HIV, Hep B and C
