miscallneous

Question 1

what is an amniotic fluid embolism

Answer 1

amniotic fluid eneters the maternal blood stream

symptoms include fever, chills , coughing, s.o.b can have cyanois

Question 2

umbilical cord prolapse

Answer 2

the cord itself is at the opening before the baby

Question 3

why is prolapse bad

Answer 3

can lead to compression and hypixia

Question 4

how can you tell its prolapse

Answer 4

on an exam you can feel it coming through or CTG variable decelerations

Question 5

what do you do in a prolapse

Answer 5

STERILE gloves go in and you want to put your fingers in between the cord and sort of lift the fetal presenting part of the cord to relieve compression

use gravity to shift baby of prolapsed position like trendelenburg etc

warm, saline soaked towel sterile over the cord, you don’t want it to become dried out or infected if its exposed out

prepare for C SECTION

Question 6

dystocia means

Answer 6

a prolonged/difficult birth

Question 7

rf shoulder dystocia

Answer 7

rememeber its an obstetrical emergency

macrosomia
diabetes
post term >42 weeks
using forecps etc

but a lot of cases happen without warning

Question 8

what can you do in case of shoulder dystoca

Answer 8

apply supra pubic pressure

mr robert maneover- causes roattion of pelvis

Question 9

complications

Answer 9

BP injury
clavicular fracture
ASPHYXIA FROM UMBILICAL CORD COMPRESSION

Question 10

signs of shoulder dystocia

Answer 10

turtle signs- head is delievred then retracts back

Question 11

what to do in shoudler dystcoial

Answer 11

ALAREMER
A- ask for help
L- legs hyperflex the legs so thighs touch abdomean - this may be enough to work
A- apply suprapubic pressure - this disimpacts the anterior shoulder
r- rubin maneouveur - place hand in vagina and disimpact shoudler

Question 12

why does fsh increase in menopaus

Answer 12

FSH causes ovarian follicles to enlarge and produce estrogen. so as a compensation

Question 13

what markers do we use to diagnose menopause

Answer 13

FSH- first cos rises first

LH- has more renal clearance

Question 14

def atrophic vaginits

Answer 14

In atrophic vaginitis, there is inflammation of the vagina as a result of the mucosa becoming thinner and fragile. This is due to a fall in the level of oestrogen, hence is most common after menopause.

Question 15

symptoms of AV and what would you have to exclude

Answer 15

feels dry 
itchy 
discharge 
painful sex 
 post-coital bleeding due to easily damaged tissue

exlude infection (due to itching and discharge)
and cancer as post menopasua

Question 16

dx of post coital bleeding

Answer 16

think cervix ( ectropion, polyps, cervicitis, cervical cancer)
atrophic vagintitis

Question 17

why is HRT not reocmmended so much

Answer 17

increases the risk of endometerila cancer + breast cancer and increase CVS incidents

Question 18

hormonal pannel menoupasue (mcq) and things to exclude

Answer 18

androgens unchanged or slightly increased
low oestrogen 
high fsh - precedes LH by 10 years 
high lH 
estradiol - normal or increase 

hypothyroidsm can mimic menopause

Question 19

what could cause premature menopause

Answer 19

oophorectomy
turner’s sydnrome
chemotherapy
autoimmune dieseases (thyroid)