Misc Questions pt. 2

Question 1

Mesangium cells are ……

Answer 1

Cells continuous with the smooth muscles of the arterioles, and surround the capillaries in the glomerulus. Help to regulate the blood flow

Question 2

Plasmapheresis is …….

Answer 2

filtering of plasma to remove the Ag-Ab complexes

Question 3

Myelophthisis is …….

Answer 3

displacement of hemopoietic tissue in the blood by tumors or fibrosis

Question 4

Thrombasthenia is ……..

Answer 4

Defect in platelet aggregation

• No fibrinogen bridging of platelets to other platelets can occur, and the bleeding time is significantly prolonged
• Could be primary defect in platelet aggregation
• Secondary defect is caused by aspirin, storage pool disease (defect in granules)

Question 5

Hemophilia A & B are both …….

Answer 5

X linked recessive

Question 6

Protein C & S are needed for ……

Answer 6

lysis of blood clot

* Deficiency leads to DVT

Question 7

Megaloblastic anemia is ……….

Answer 7

Inhibition of DNA synthesis in RBC production, leads to failure of mitosis, and subsequent macrocytosis
* Caused by low B12 & folate, or drugs

Question 8

Aplastic anemia is …….

Answer 8

disease of the bone marrow, which causes pancytopenia

• Definitive diagnosis is made by bone marrow biopsy, which should show cell content less than 25% of normal (30-70%)
• Hereditary or acquired

Question 9

What is the difference between purpura and eccymosis?

Answer 9

purpura is hematoma, up to 1 cm in size

* Larger than that, and it becomes ecchymoses

Question 10

Pseudo-hypoparathyroidism is accompanied by developmental defects like ……….

Answer 10

mental retardation, short stature, missing metacarpals

Question 11

Vitamin D is responsible for intestinal absorption of Ca and PO4. T/F??

Answer 11

True
* Low Vit D (low Ca & PO4) will increase parathyroid secretion, which leads to further decrease in PO4 (due to increase renal excretion)

Question 12

Diverticulitis usually affects the ……..

Answer 12

distal colon in elderly patient\

• Appendicitis is more in children and young adults
• Symptoms are the same as acute appendicitis

Question 13

Pancreatitis, pyelonephritis, and gall bladder disease refer pain to ……

Answer 13

the mid back, lateral back, and right upper quadrant, respectively

Question 14

The most common triosomies are …….

Answer 14

In order of frequency:

1. Down
2. Patau
3. Edward

Question 15

What is the difference between preeclampsia and eclampsia???

Answer 15

Preeclampsia is a triad of hypertension, proteinuria & edema

• Add Seizures to the triad, and we get eclampsia
• Typically between 20 weeks gestation and 6 weeks postpartum
• Predisposing factors: Hypertension, DM, SLE, and thrombocytopenia & hyperuricemia (non specific indicators)

Question 16

Argyria is ……

Answer 16

the ingestion of silver or its compounds. Causes blue skin and sclera

Question 17

Alcohol & smoking, both increase the level of ………. in the liver, which in turn increases …….

Answer 17

cytochrome P450

drug metabolism

Question 18

Multiple endocrine neoplasia is …….

What are the types??

Answer 18

a group of tumors of endocrine glands, benign & malignant.

• Autosomal dominant
• MEN I: gastrinoma, insulinoma, glucagonoma, pituitary adenoma, lipoma, parathyroid hyperplasia
• MEN IIa: Parathyroid hyperplasia, medullary thyroid carcinoma
• MEN IIb (MEN III): Pheochromocytoma, mucosal neuroma, medullary thyroid cancer, Marfan body

Question 19

In mumps, amylase serum level increase is due to …….

Answer 19

pancreatitis by the mumps virus

Question 20

What are the effects of low serum cortisol on the GIT??

Answer 20

cramps, vomiting, nausea & anorexia

Question 21

In secondary and tertiary adrenal insufficiency, aldosterone level is …..

Answer 21

about normal

* Not low like Addison’s disease

Question 22

Ankylosing spondylitis is ……

Answer 22

chronic inflammation of axial skeleton, leads to ankylosis

• Features: midaxial stiffness, uveitis (eye and AS share the same antigen), AV block, bowl and bladder dysfunction, breathing difficulty
• More in men

Question 23

What is the difference between osteoarthritis pain and that of RA??

Answer 23

Osteoarthritis pain usually increases at the end of the day. While that of RA is in the morning

Question 24

Define:

1. Zenker diverticulum

2. Traction diverticulum

Answer 24

1. False diverticulum formed by herniation of the mucosa at a point of weakness at the junction of the pharynx and esophagus in the posterior hypopharyngeal wall. The cause is believed to be loss of elasticity of the upper esophageal sphincter. Associated with halitosis, and if the diverticulum fills completely with food, it can cause dysphagia or obstruction of the esophagus.
2. True diverticula involving all of the layers of the esophagus. They are typically caused by adherence of the esophagus to a scarred mediastinal structure.

Question 25

Guillain-Barre syndrome is ……..

Answer 25

autoimmune attack on myelin of peripheral nerves after viral infection (usually URI)
* Respiratory muscle failure may occur

Question 26

Sjögren syndrome is associated with ……..

Answer 26

rheumatoid arthritis

Question 27

What are the tumors that causes SVC syndrome???

Answer 27

In order of frequency:

1. Small cell carcinoma
2. Epidermoid carcinoma
3. Adenocarcinoma
   * Hodgkins & non Hodgkins do not cause this syndrome
   * Goiter is a rare possibility

Question 28

Polyuria and polydipsia are characteristics of Addison’s disease. T/F??

Answer 28

False

* They are “usually” not associated, although polydipsia may occur

Question 29

Tumor in the right upper lobe of the lung may cause ……

Answer 29

Hoarseness, due to impingement of the recurrent laryngeal N. (ascends between the esophagus and trachea)
* Side note: pleurisy is inflammation of pleura

Question 30

An osteoblastic bone lesion developed due to prostate cancer will elevate serum ……..

Answer 30

ALP