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Neuro > Misc > Flashcards

Misc Flashcards

1
Q

A bundle of hundreds to thousands of axons plus associated connective tissue and blood vessels that lies outside the brain and spinal cord

A

Nerve

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2
Q

Small masses of nervous tissue, consisting primarily of neuron bodies, located outside the brain and spinal cord

A

Ganglia

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3
Q

Extensive networks of neurons located in the walls of organs of the GI tract

A

Enteric plexuses

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4
Q

What neurons control voluntary skeletal muscles?

A

Somatic motor neurons

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5
Q

What neurons control smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands?

A

Autonomic motor neurons

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6
Q

What neurons control smooth muscle, glands, and endocrine cells of the GI tract?

A

Enteric motor neurons

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7
Q

How many neurons are found in the enteric plexus?

A

100 million

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8
Q

The nervous system processes sensory information by analyzing and storing some of it and by making decisions for appropriate responses

A

Integrative function

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9
Q

Any change in the environment that is strong enough to initiate an action potential

A

Stimulus

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10
Q

Impulse, an electrical signal that propagates (travels) along the surface of the membrane of a neuron or muscle fiber

A

Action potential

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11
Q

Three parts of a neuron

A

1) a cell body
2) dendrites
3) an axon

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12
Q

Receiving/input part of a neuron

A

Dendrites

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13
Q

Conducts nerve impulses toward another neuron, a muscle, or a gland

A

Axon

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14
Q

The site where two neurons or a neuron and an effector cell can communicate

A

Synapse

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15
Q

Neurotransmitters are stored where in the neuron?

A

The synaptic end bulb (synaptic vesicles)

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16
Q

Usually have several dendrites and one axon.

Most neurons in the brain and spinal cord are this type.

A

Multipolar neuron

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17
Q

Have one main dendrite and one axon.

These are found in the retina of the eye, the inner ear, and in the olfactory area of the brain.

A

Bipolar

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18
Q

Have dendrites and one axon that are fused together to form a continuous process that emerges from the cell body.

These are sensory receptors for touch, pressure, pain, or thermal stimuli.

A

Unipolar neurons

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19
Q

Neurons that are located within the CNS between sensory and motor neurons.

They integrate incoming sensory information from sensory neurons and then elicit a motor response by activating appropriate motor neurons.

A

Interneurons

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20
Q

Interneurons and motor neurons are mostly what neuron type?

A

Multipolar

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21
Q

“Glue” that holds nervous tissue together

A

Neuroglia

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22
Q

Brain tumors derived from glia, tend to be highly malignant and grow rapidly

A

Gliomas

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23
Q

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglial cells, ependymal, Schwann and satellite are what?

A

Neuroglia

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24
Q

Myelin sheaths are composed of what?

A

Lipid and protein

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25
Q

Support neurons in PNS ganglia and regulate exchange of materials between neurons and interstitial fluid

A

Satellite cells

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26
Q

How many layers of myelin are wrapped around axons?

A

As many as 100 layers

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27
Q

Neuronal cell bodies grouped together are typically called?

A

Clusters

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28
Q

Axons of neurons grouped together are typically called?

A

Bundles

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29
Q

Cluster of neuronal cell bodies located in the PNS

A

Ganglion

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30
Q

Cluster of neuronal cell bodies located in the CNS

A

Nucleus

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31
Q

Bundle of axons in the PNS

A

Nerve

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32
Q

Bundle of axons in the CNS

A

Tract

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33
Q

A difference in the amount of electrical charge on the inside of the plasma membrane as compared to the outside

A

Membrane potential

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34
Q

How long does the depolarizing and repolarizing phases last?

A

One millisecond (1/1000 sec)

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35
Q

Action potential arises according to what principle?

A

All or nothing

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36
Q

A brief time after an action potential begins, a neuron cannot generate another action potential

A

Refractory period

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37
Q

Currents that flow across the membrane at the nodes, “leaps” from node to node.

A

Saltatory conduction

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38
Q

Electrical synapses, nerve impulses conduct directly between the plasma membranes of adjacent neurons through gap junctions are found where?

A

Visceral smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and the brain

39
Q

A typical neuron in the CNS receives input from how many synapses?

A

1,000 to 10,000

40
Q

Neurotransmitters consisting of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

A

Nearuopeptides

41
Q

Demyelinating disorder, microphages remove myelin from PNS axons. It is a common cause of sudden paralysis and may result from the immune system’s response to a bacterial infection. Most patients recover. 15% remain paralyzed.

A

Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS)

42
Q

What vertebra does the spinal cord end?

A

L2

43
Q

The tube of spinal dura mater ends at what vertebra?

A

S2

44
Q

Space between the dura mater and vertebral column that contains fat and protective tissue

A

Epidural space

45
Q

What is the length of the spinal cord?

A

16 to 18 inches

46
Q

Spinal grey horns only present in the thoracic and upper lumbar, contain cell bodies of the autonomic motor neurons that regulate the activity of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

A

Lateral gray horns

47
Q

Groups of axons wrapped with endoneurium are arranged in bundles called:

A

Fascicles

48
Q

Fascicles are wrapped in what layer?

A

Perineurium

49
Q

Plexus that supplies the skin and muscles of the posterior head, neck, upper part of the shoulders, and diaphragm

A

Cervical plexus

50
Q

What nerve stimulates the diaphragm to contract?

A

Phrenic nerve (from the cervical plexus)

51
Q

Plexus that supplies the upper limbs, several neck and shoulder muscles.

Contains musculocutaneous, axillary, median, radial, and ulnar nerves.

A

Brachial plexus

52
Q

Plexus that supplies the abdominal wall, external genitals, part of the lower limbs.

Arising from this plexus are the ilioinguinal, femoral, and obturator nerves.

A

Lumbar plexus

53
Q

Plexus that supplies the buttocks, perineum, and lower limbs.

Arising from this plexus are the gluteal, sciatic, and pudendal nerves.

A

Sacral plexus

54
Q

What spinal nerves do not form a plexus and are called “intercostal nerves”?

A

T2-T11

55
Q

Pathway followed by nerve impulses that produce a reflex

A

Reflex arc

56
Q

What does the diencephalon consist of?

A

1) Thalamus
2) Hypothalamus
3) Pineal Gland

57
Q

CSF primarily drains into what vein?

A

Superior sagittal sinus

58
Q

What is the volume of CSF in the body?

A

80 to 150 mL (3 to 5 oz)

59
Q

Where does the gray and white matter intermingle in the brain stem?

A

Reticular formation

60
Q

Masses of gray matter where neurons form synapses with one another

A

Nuclei

61
Q

Nuclei associated with cranial nerves V, VI, VII, and VIII are located in the:

A

Pons

62
Q

Nuclei associated with cranial nerves III and IV are located where?

A

Midbrain

63
Q

Stimulation of the reticular activating system (RAS) produces what?

A

Consciousness

64
Q

Deactivation of the reticular activating system (RAS) produces what?

A

Sleep

65
Q

The major relay station for most sensory impulses that reach the cerebral cortex from the spinal cord and brain stem

A

Thalamus

66
Q

Part of the brain that controls many functions related to homeostasis.

Control of the ANS, Pituitary gland, regulation of emotions & behavior, eating & drinking, body temperature, Circadian rhythms

A

Hypothalamus

67
Q

Secretes melatonin

A

Pineal gland

68
Q

Part of the brain that regulates posture, balance, skilled motor activities, and helps with equilibrium.

A

Cerebellum

69
Q

Folds in the cerebrum

A

Gyri

70
Q

Deep grooves of the cerebrum

A

Fissues

71
Q

Shallow grooves of the cerebrum

A

Sulci

72
Q

What connects the cerebrum’s hemispheres, is a broad band of white matter containing axons that extend between the hemispheres?

A

Corpus callosum

73
Q

Primary motor area of the cerebral cortex

A

Precentral gyrus

74
Q

Primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex

A

Postcentral gyrus

75
Q

Nuclei that helps initiate and terminate movements. Help with movements such as automatic arm swings while walking.

A

Basal Nuclei

76
Q

“Emotional brain”, Primary role in range of emotions. Controls most of its involuntary aspects related to survival.

A

Limbic System

77
Q

Parts of the brain that help with memory

A

Limbic system

Cerebrum

78
Q

Primary gustatory area, located at the base of the postcentral gyrus, is responsible for what?

A

Taste

79
Q

Broad region in the left temporal and parietal loves, interprets the meaning of speech by recognizing spoken words

A

Wernicke’s area

80
Q

Somatic sensory pathway responsible for touch, pressure, vibration, and conscious proprioception

A

Posterior Column-Medial Lemniscus

81
Q

Anosmia (loss of smell) can be caused by trauma to what?

A

Olfactory tract lesion or trauma to the cribriform plate

82
Q

First CN to lose function with increased ICP

A

6

83
Q

Who may have a diminished corneal reflex?

A

Patient who wears contact lenses

84
Q

Upper Neuron Disease, such as stroke or brain attack, patients are still able to what?

A

Show emotional movement

85
Q

Most patients who have a loss of taste actually have a dysfunction with what sensation?

A

Olfactory

86
Q

Another name for Heel-to-Toe walking

A

Tandem Gait

87
Q

When would you test for temperature and deep pressure?

A

Only done if superficial pain is not intact

88
Q

Inability to recognize objects by touch, suggests a parietal lobe lesion

A

Tactile agnosia

89
Q

Dorsiflexion of the great toe, with or without fanning of the other toes. Indicates a pyramidal tract or upper motor neuron disorder.

A

Babinski sign

90
Q

Absent reflexes indicate what?

A

Lower motor neuron disorder

91
Q

Hyperactive reflexes indicate what?

A

Upper motor neuron disorder

92
Q

Sustained clonus is associated with what?

A

Upper motor neuron disorder

93
Q

What size monofilament is used in the protective sensation?

A

5.07

Neuro (7 decks)

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