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Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Structures that make up the Central Nervous System

A

Brain
Spinal Cord

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2
Q

How many neurons does the brain have?

A

100 Billion

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3
Q

How many neurons does the spinal cord have?

A

100 Million

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4
Q

Number of cranial nerves

A

12

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5
Q

Number of spinal nerves

A

31 pairs

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6
Q

Specialized cells that monitor change in the internal and external enviroment

A

Sensory Receptors

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7
Q

Small masses of nervous tissue consisting of neuronal cell bodies that are located outside the brain and spinal cord

A

Ganglia

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8
Q

Extensive network of nerves that are located in the walls of the GI tract that help regulate the digestion system

A

Enteric Plexus

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9
Q

Name the tasks that the Nervous System carries out

A
  1. Smell
  2. Touch
  3. Temperature
  4. Speech
  5. Memory
  6. Body movement
  7. Operation of the internal organs
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10
Q

Three basic functions of the Nervous System

A
  1. Sensory Function
  2. Integrative Function
  3. Motor Function
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11
Q

Detect internal and external stimuli and carry information into brain and spinal cord via cranial and spinal nerves

A

Sensory function afferent

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12
Q

The ‘Information Processing’. Consist of Perception and Analyzing/Storing information to help lead to appropriate responses

A

Integrative Function

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13
Q

Once integration occurs the brain may elicit motor response to muscles or glands (effectors) via cranial and spinal nerves

A

Motor Function (Efferent)

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14
Q

Two cells that nervous tissue consists of

A

Neurons and Neuroglia

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15
Q

Provide most of the unique functions of the nervous system

A

Neurons

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16
Q

Function is to provide support, nourishment, and protection

A

Neuroglia

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17
Q

The parts of a Neuron

A

Cell Body

Dendrites

Axon

Axon Terminals

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18
Q

Highly branched structures that carry impulses to the cell body

A

Dendrites

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19
Q

Conducts away from the cell body toward another neuron, muscle, or gland

A

Axon

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20
Q

Contain synaptic vesicles that can release neurotransmitters

A

Axon Terminals

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21
Q

Structure Class:

Have several or many dendrites and one axon

Most common type in brain and spinal

A

Multipolar

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22
Q

Structure Class:

One Dendrite and one axon

Found in the retina of eye and inner ear

A

Bipolar

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23
Q

Structure Class:

Fused dendrite and axon

Sensory neurons of spinal nerves

A

Unipolar

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24
Q

Functional Classes of Neurons

A

Sensory

Motor

Interneurons

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25
Q

Convey impulses into CNS

A

Sensory

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26
Q

Convey impulses from brain or spinal cord out through the PNS to effectors (Muscles or Glands)

A

Motor

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27
Q

Located within the CNS

Transmit impulses between neurons, such as between sensory and motor neurons

A

Interneurons (association neurons)

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28
Q

Support, nourish, and protect neurons

Critical for homeostasis of interstitial fluid and neurons

Cells smaller but much more numerous than neurons

Make up half the volume of the CNS

A

Neuroglia

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29
Q

Functions of Neuroglia

A
  1. Do NOT generate or conduct nerve impulses
  2. Support, nourish and protect neurons
  3. In case of injury or disease, neuroglia can multiply to fill in space formerly occupied by neurons
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30
Q

Neuroglia that forms the blood brain barrier

A

Astrocytes

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31
Q

Neuroglia that produce myelin in CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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32
Q

Neuroglia that protects CNS cells from disease

A

Microglia

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33
Q

Neuroglia that forms CSF in ventricles

A

Ependymal cells

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34
Q

Neuroglia that produce myelin around PNS neurons

A

Schwann cells

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35
Q

Neuroglia that produces myelin around PNS neurons

A

Schwann cells

36
Q

Neuroglia that supports neurons in the PNS ganglia

A

Satellite cells

37
Q

Insulates the axon and speeds up the nerve impulse

38
Q

Gaps in myelin along the axon

A

Nodes of Ranvier

39
Q

Diseases that destroy myelin sheaths

A
  • Multiple Sclerosis
  • Tay-Sachs
40
Q

What increases from birth to maturity?

41
Q

Cluster of cell bodies in PNS

42
Q

Cluster of cell bodies in CNS

43
Q

Bundle of axons in PNS

44
Q

Bundle of axons in CNS

45
Q

White matter mostly consists of what?

A

Myelinated axons

46
Q

What makes up Gray Matter?

A
  1. Cell Bodies
  2. Dendrites
  3. Unmyelinated Axons
  4. Axon Terminals
  5. Neuroglia
47
Q

Locations of gray and white matter in the Spinal Cord

A

White matter surrounds centrally located gray matter “H” or “Butterfly”

48
Q

Location of gray and white matter in the Brain

A

Gray matter in a thin cortex surrounds white matter (tracts)

49
Q

When can an axon and dendrite in the PNS be repaired?

A

Cell body is intact & Schwann cells are functional

50
Q

Regeneration of CNS neurons

A

VERY limited even if the cell body is intact

Inhibited by neuroglia and by lack of fetal growth-stimulator cues

51
Q

What allows communication between neurons?

A

Action potentials (nerve impulses)

52
Q

What are the requirements for Action Potentials?

A
  1. Resting Membrane Potential
  2. Ion Channels
53
Q

A charge difference across cell membrane (polarization)

A

Resting Membrane Potential

54
Q

Allows ions to move by diffusion from high to low concentration

A

Ion Channels

55
Q

What allows ions to open and close on command

A

Gate Channels

56
Q

Triggers resting membrane to become more permeable to Na+

Causes enough Na+ to enter the cell to reach -55 mv (from -70 mv)

If threshold is reached, an action happens

A

Initial Event (STIMULUS)

57
Q

Voltage gated Na+ channels open - More Na+ enters

Membrane rises and becomes positive (+30)

A

Depolarizing Phase

58
Q

Voltage gated K+ channels open - as more K+ leave cell, membrane potential is returned to resting value (+30 to 0 back down to -70 mv)

A

Repolarizing Phase

59
Q

What is it called when nerve impulses travel from where they arise (axon hillock), along the axon on the axon terminal?

A

Propagation

60
Q

Unmyelinated axons, currents flow across adjacent portions of the plasma membrane

A

Continuous conduction

61
Q

In myelinated axons, Nodes of Ranvier allow impulses to “leap” from a node to the next

A

Saltatory Conduction

62
Q

Allows neurons to communicate with other neurons or effectors

63
Q

Synaptic transmission is triggered by what?

A

Action Potential (Nerve Impulse)

64
Q

Components of Synapse

A
  1. Presynaptic neuron
  2. Synaptic cleft
  3. Postsynaptic neuron
65
Q

Sending neuron, releases neurotransmitter

A

Presynaptic neuron

66
Q

Space between neurons

A

Synaptic cleft

67
Q

Receiving neuron, has receptors that bind to neurotransmitter

A

Postsynaptic neuron

68
Q

Action potentials can only travel in one direction from dendrite to axon

A

One-way transmission

69
Q

Action potential arrives at presynaptic neuron’s end bulk

Opens voltage Gated Ca2+ channels

Ca2+ flows in presynaptic cytosol

Increased Ca2+ concentration causes exocytosis of synaptic vesicles

Neurotransmitter (NT) released into cleft

NT diffuse across cleft and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell membrane

NT acts as chemical trigger, opening ion channels which changes the voltage across the postsynaptic cell membrane

Postsynaptic cell membrane may be depolarized or hyperpolarized, depending on which ions were admitted

If threshold reached (-55 mv) then postsynaptic AP results and nerve impulse is triggered

A

Synaptic Transmission

70
Q

How is a NT removed from a cleft?

A
  1. Diffusion
  2. Destruction by enzymes
  3. Transport back into presynaptic cell (recycling)
71
Q

Acetylcholine, Amino Acids, Modified Amino Acids, Neuropeptides, and Nitric Oxide

A

Neurotransmitters

72
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system uses what neurotransmitter?

A

Acetylcholine (Ach)

73
Q

Stimulatory Acetylcholine are found where?

A

Skeletal Muscles

74
Q

Inhibitory Acetylcholine are found where?

A

Cardiac muscle

75
Q
  1. Glutamate
  2. Aspartate
  3. Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)

Are examples of what?

A

Amino Acids

76
Q
  1. Norepinephrine (NE)
  2. Dopamine (DA)
  3. Serotonin
A

Modified Amino Acids

77
Q

What nervous system provides thoughts, emotions, and memories?

78
Q

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves are a part of what nervous system?

79
Q

ALL nervous tissue outside the central nervous system (Brain and Spinal Cord)

A

Peripheral Nervous System

80
Q

Subdivisions of the PNS

A
  1. Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
  2. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
  3. Enteric Nervous System (ENS)
81
Q

Sensory: Convey info from head, body wall, and limbs and from receptors for special senses (vision, hearing, taste, smell) to CNS

Motor: Conduct impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles (voluntary control)

A

Somatic Nervous System

82
Q

Sensory: Convey information from receptors in visceral organs (stomach and lungs) to CNS

Motor: Conduct impulses from CNS to smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and glands (involuntary control)

A

Autonomic Nervous System

83
Q

“Fight or fight”

A

Sympathetic (ANS)

84
Q

“Rest and Digest”

A

Parasympathetic (ANS)

85
Q

Brain of the Gut

A

Enteric Nervous System

86
Q

Sensory: Monitor chemical changes in GI tract, stretching of walls

Motor: Regulate contractions, acid secretion, endocrine cell secretions

Involuntary Control

A

Enteric Nervous System

Neuro (7 decks)

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