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Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Spinal cord is located within the

A

Vertebral canal

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2
Q

CSF is located where?

A

Subarachnoid space of the brain and spinal cord

Central canal (Spine)

Cavities in the brain (Ventricles)

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3
Q

Three layers of meninges

A
  1. Dura
  2. Arachnoid
  3. Pia mater
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4
Q

Outer most layer; tough dense connective tissue

A

Dura mater

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5
Q

Middle layer, resembles spider web

A

Arachnoid mater

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6
Q

Inner layer; thin and delicate, adheres to surface of spinal cord and brain, contains blood vessels

A

Pia mater

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7
Q

What spinal cord space has fat which helps protect/cushion, between the vertebrae and dura mater

A

Epidural space

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8
Q

Spinal cord extends from the medulla oblongata to:

A

The second lumbar vertebrae

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9
Q

Two grooves that divide the spinal cord into two hemispheres

A
  1. Anterior median fissure

2. Posterior median sulcus

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10
Q

Two bundles of axons that connect each spinal nerve to a segment of the cord

A

Root

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11
Q

Root contains sensory axons which conduct nerve impulses from sensory receptors (AFFERENT)

A

Posterior (dorsal) root

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12
Q

Root contains axons of motor neurons (autonomic and somatic) which conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to the effectors (EFFERENT)

A

Anterior (ventral) root

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13
Q

Matter that has tracts that serve as highways for nerve impulses

A

White matter

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14
Q

Matter of the spinal cord receives and integrates incoming and outgoing information and is a site for integration of reflexes

A

Gray matter

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15
Q

Contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia

A

Gray Matter

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16
Q

Horn contains cell bodies and axons of interneurons as well as axons of incoming sensory neurons

A

Posterior (dorsal) horn

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17
Q

Horns contain cell bodies of somatic motor neurons that provide impulses for contraction of muscles

A

Anterior (ventral) horn

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18
Q

Lateral gray horn is only present in what spinal segments?

A

Thoracic and upper lumber

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19
Q

What motor neurons are located on the lateral gray horn and regulates cardiac muscle, smooth muscles, and glands

A

Autonomic

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20
Q

Consists of myelinated axons and is organized into columns

A

White matter

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21
Q

Bundles of axons in the CNS are also called:

A

Tracts

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22
Q

Axons that conduct nerve impulses toward the brain (spinothalamic tract)

A

Sensory tract (ascending)

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23
Q

Axons that conduct nerve impulses away from the brain (corticospinal tract)

A

Motor tract (descending)

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24
Q

Fast, involuntary sequences of actions in response to stimuli

A

Reflexes

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25
Q

Learned sequence, such as driving a car, is what kind of reflex?

A

Complex

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26
Q

Withdrawal reflexes are also called:

A

Simple reflexes

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27
Q

Patellar reflex tests what type of reflex?

A

Spinal reflex (simple)

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28
Q

Gag reflex tests what kind of reflex?

A

Cranial reflex (simple)

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29
Q

Connects the CNS to the sensory receptors and muscles of the body

A

Spinal nerves

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30
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there for each region?

A 
8 - Cervical 
12 - Thoracic 
5 - Lumbar
5 - Sacral
1 - Coccyx
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31
Q

Sensory information goes through which root?

A

Dorsal Root

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32
Q

Motor Information goes through which root?

A

Anterior

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33
Q

Axons are wrapped is what layer?

A

Endoneurium

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34
Q

Groups of axons arranged in bundles are called?

A

Fascicles

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35
Q

Fascicles are wrapped in what?

A

Perineurium

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36
Q

What is the superficial covering over the entire nerve?

A

Epineurium

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37
Q

Spinal nerve branches join axons from adjacent nerves to form networks

A

Plexuses

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38
Q

What plexus supplies posterior head, neck, upper part of the shoulder and the diaphragm

A

Cervical plexus

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39
Q

Plexus that supplies the upper limbs, some neck and shoulder muscles

A

Brachial plexus

40
Q

Plexus that supplies the abdominal wall, external genitals and parts of the lower limbs

A

Lumbar plexus

41
Q

Plexus that supplies the buttocks, perineum and most of the lower limbs

A

Sacral plexus

42
Q

What nerve innervates the diaphragm to contract?

A

Phrenic (C3, C4, C5)

43
Q

What spinal nerves are called intercostal nerves?

A

T2-T11

Supply muscles of abdomen and between the ribs, skin of chest and back

44
Q

What percentage of oxygen does the brain need?

45
Q

Brain neurons are permanently damaged from lack of oxygen after how many minutes?

46
Q

Circulatory anastomosis that supplies blood to brain and surrounding structures; stems from the two internal carotid arteries

A

Circle of Willis

47
Q

Protects the brain cells from harmful substances and pathogens

A

Blood brain barrier

48
Q

Blood brain barrier can be broken down by what?

A
  1. Trauma
  2. Certain toxins
  3. Inflammation
49
Q

Tightly sealed blood capillaries and astrocytes make up what?

A

Blood Brain Barrier

50
Q

What can pass the blood brain barrier?

A

Lipid soluble materials like O2, CO2, alcohol, anesthesia

51
Q

What carries oxygen and glucose from the blood to the brain?

52
Q

CSF is produced in what plexus?

A

Choroid plexus located in the brain

53
Q

CSF is reabsorbed into the blood through what?

A

Arachnoid villi

54
Q

Continuous with spinal cord contains the medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain

A

Brain stem

55
Q

Superior to the brain stem; contains thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland

A

Diencephalon

56
Q

“Little brain”, posterior and inferior

Functions the balance and equilibrium and coordination

A

Cerebellum

57
Q

Largest, most superior part of the brain

58
Q

Inferior part of the brain stem, a continuation of the spine

A

Medulla Oblongata

59
Q

Part of the brain where gray matter contains nuclei where neurons form synapses with one another.

  • Cardiovascular center regulates the rate and force of the heart and the diameter of the vessels
  • Rhythmicity area regulates breathing
A

Medulla Oblongata

60
Q

Nuclei associated with touch, pressure, vibration and proprioception lie in the posterior part of what part of the brain?

A

Medulla Oblongata

61
Q

Nuclei associated with cranial nerves VIII-XII are found where?

A

Medulla Oblongata

62
Q

“Bridge” for the medulla and midbrain to connect

63
Q

Connects the left and right sides of brain

64
Q

Contains nuclei that:

a) Motor relay from cerebrum to cerebellum
b) Helps control breathing
c) Contains nuclei associated with cranial nerves V

65
Q

Connects the pons to the diencephalon

Contains nuclei associated with cranial nerves III and IV

66
Q

Large tracts that contain axons of motor neurons from cerebrum to the rest of the brainstem and spinal cord

A

Cerebral peduncles (Midbrain)

67
Q

Loss of these neurons related to Parkinson disease

A

Substantia nigra (Midbrain)

68
Q

Nuclei that coordinates muscular movement

A

Red nuclei (Midbrain)

69
Q

Colliculi involved in scanning eye movement and responses to visual stimuli

A

Superior colliculi (Midbrain)

70
Q

Colliculi that responds to auditory input and startle reflex

A

Inferior colliculi (Midbrain)

71
Q

Three major regions of the Diencephalon

A

1) Thalamus
2) Hypothalamus
3) Pineal Gland (part of the endocrine system)

72
Q

Major sensory relay center, contributes to motor functions, plays role in consciousness

A

Thalamus (part of the Diencephalon)

73
Q

Control of pituitary and hormone production
Control and integration of the ANS
Regulation of emotional and behavior patterns
Regulation of eating and drinking
Control of body temperature
Regulation of circadian rhythms, sleep and awakening patterns

A

Hypothalamus (part of the Diencephalon)

74
Q

Secretes melatonin which promotes sleepiness and contributes to setting the body’s biological clock

A

Pineal Gland (part of the epithalamus region)

75
Q

Location: Posterior to medulla and pons, inferior to cerebrum and attached to brain stem by cerebellar peduncles

A

Cerebellum

76
Q

Structure:

  • Two Cerebellar Hemispheres
  • Cerebellar Cortex (Gray Matter)
  • Tree like appearance
A

Cerebellum

77
Q

Functions:

  • Receives wide range of sensory input from muscles, joints, tendons, eyes, equilibrium receptors in ears and eyes
  • Compares actual movements with intended ones
  • Helps to smooth and coordinate skeletal muscle contractions
  • Helps execute skilled motor activities
  • Regulates posture and balance essential for skilled motor activities
A

Cerebellum

78
Q

Structure of the Cerebrum

A
  1. Longitudinal Fissure
  2. Corpus Callosum
  3. Cerebrum Layers
79
Q

What divides the Cerebrum into right and left cerebral hemispheres?

A

Longitudinal Fissure

80
Q

Broad band of white matter containing axons that connects the right and left cerebrum spheres internally

A

Corpus Callosum

81
Q

What assists in motor control, emotions, behavior, executive function (cognitive process)?

A

Basal Ganglia (located in the Cerebrum layers)

82
Q

Superficial grey matter of the Cerebrum

83
Q

Folds of the cerebrum

A

Gyri (gyrus)

84
Q

Shallow grooves of the Cerebrum

A

Sulci (Sulcus)

85
Q

How many lobes does each hemisphere of the cerebrum have?

A

Four

  1. Frontal
  2. Parietal
  3. Temporal
  4. Occipital
86
Q

What separates the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebrum?

A

Central Sulcus

87
Q

Functions:

  • Sensory areas receive, input, leading to perception
  • Motor areas initiate movement
  • Association areas deal with integrative functions like memory, emotions, reasoning, will, judgement, personality, intelligence
A

Cerebral Cortex

88
Q

Primary somatosensory area: Postcentral gyrus

Input sensory: Touch, proprioception, pain, itching, tickle, temperature

A

Cerebral cortex

89
Q

Storage of memories of past sensory experiences

A

Somatosensory of the cerebral cortex

90
Q

Area in the cerebral cortex generates nerve impulses causing a specific group of muscles to contract in a specific sequence

A

Promotor area of the cerebral cortex

91
Q

Ring of structures on inner border of cerebrum and floor of diencephalon, called the “emotional brain.”
Plays a primary role in pain, pleasure, anger, affection and behavior

A

Limbic System

92
Q

What controls the nervous system’s involuntary behavior related to survival?

A

Limbic system

93
Q

Which hemisphere of the brain controls spoken and written language, numerical and scientific skills, and reasoning?

A

Left Hemisphere

94
Q

Which hemisphere of the brain is more involved with spatial and pattern recognition, emotional content of language, generating images of sight, sound, taste, and smell?

A

Right Hemisphere

95
Q

Memory is associated in which areas of the brain?

A
  1. Cerebrum lobes
  2. Limbic System
  3. Diencephalon
96
Q

“Skill memory” is involved in which parts of the brain?

A

Cerebellum and Basal Ganglia

97
Q

What are the 3 Deep Gray Nuclei (Basal Ganglia) called?

A

1) Globus Pallidus
2) Putamen
3) Caudate Nucleus

Neuro (7 decks)

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