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ESHPM - Jaar 3 > Minor - Week 7 > Flashcards

Minor - Week 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Exposome

A

Environmental factors that collectively influence your behavior
outside the individual

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2
Q

Genome

A

All genetic factors that influence your health

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3
Q

What is the role of the environment in encouraging or discouraging PA?

A

Environment influences us much in Physical behavior but realtion is complex
Green spaces
- Playgrounds
- Sport facilitues
- Facilities daily use

A compound measure for PA

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4
Q

Prevention paradox

A

The small high risk group that is targeted doens’t affect the average as much

People at moderate risk are influence the outcome most

  • Riks you also need distribution
  • Shift the whole distribution to the left
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5
Q

Environmental food rotterdam

A

Unhealthy food outlets increased by 24%
- Increased in neighbours with low SES

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6
Q

Environmental measures on health effect

A
  • Little on individual level
  • High on population level; as it targets the middle risks
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7
Q

Contextual factors that in LMIC that influence health decision making

A
  • Little knowledge of health decisions
  • fewer resources, more disease burden
  • Low financial resources to spend on healthcare

Leads to more health decisions with fewer resources, lead to suboptimal decisions

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8
Q

Traditional interventions assumptions

A

Context little influence (time consistent and consistent preferences)
- Enough information
- Decisons that maximize utiity
- Self-interested
- Consistent preferences

Interventions targeted towards; information, incentives, pricing interventions and regulation

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9
Q

Traditional interventions - Informational

A

Correct problem of incomplete health
- lowers uptake to preventive health behaviors

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10
Q

Traditional interventions - Financial incentvies

A

Influence undesirable behaviors
- Conditional cash transfer; cash when applying
- contraints removed by poor households

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11
Q

Traditional interventions - Pricing interventions

A

Pricing interventions targets mostly the poorer
- can be good type of intervention in LMICC

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12
Q

Context factors influence outcomes in LMIC

A
  • Money; react on incentives and pricing
  • Information; little as people are illiterate
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13
Q

Why behavioral insights in LMIC

A

Stress of poverty changes cognition and preferences
- Relying more on system 1

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14
Q

Error prone

A

Mental shortcuts sometimes lead to inefficient decision making, where in circumstances important aspects of a problem are being missed

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15
Q

Behavioral insight LMIC - Commitment savings account

A

Tackles present bias
- Commitment improved the savings and tackles present bias
- Used; commitment vs. marketing information

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16
Q

Behavioral insight LMIC - Nudging (testing HIV)

A

Tackles not being tested
- Immediate incentive
- Information alone
- Delayed incentive
- Soft commitment

Incentive works best

17
Q

Challenges behavioral interventions LMIC!

A
  • Structural; weak infrastructure (limited supply)
  • Replication and generalizability; BI are designed in west an must find other practice in other countries with other environments and cues
  • Significant differences in society configured
    (cultural context and how mobiles shape health in these countries)
  • Scale (sustaiable); risk of stalling after start
18
Q

Causes of increasing obesity

A
  • Genetics not (gene pool doesn’t change so fast…)
    -Food industry; high calorie intake promote
  • Food price trends; cheap food
  • Changing lifestyles (sedentary jobs, heating and AC, automobile)
  • participation of women;
19
Q

The costs of obesity

A

Health losses
- Riks of chronic disease
- reduced
- lower QOL
- Reduced physical functioning

Lower wages

Social stigma

Higher health expenses

20
Q

behavioral insights by obesity

A
  • Behavior leads to illness
  • Ilness to health consumption
  • Health comsumption to costs
  • Prevention on unhealthy behavior
21
Q

True? People smoke and obese cost more than healthy living people and therefore forced to pay more premium

A

No !
- People with obesity and smoke died earlier
- Obesity and smoking shorter illness and then die earlier. Lead to fewer costs
- Healthy people live longer and therefore make more healthcare costs

The expenses of smoking are paid by themselfses

22
Q

Biggest cost of unhealthy lifestyle are borne by those with an unhealthy lifestyle, not by others, that are
- Long term perspective

A
  • Social stigma
  • Lower wages
  • Health losses
23
Q

Healthcare costs, why smokers and obesity people pay for their own and for healthy?
- Long term perspective

A
  • Unhealthy individuals pay equal premiums.
  • Shorter lives lead to lower lifetime healthcare costs.
  • Leaves more of their premiums for healthy, longer-living individuals.
24
Q

short term and long term perspective

A

Short
- Healthy people pay for the sick to cover medical expenses

Life perspective; smokers and obeesity
- Shorter lives
- Use less healthcare
- Less expenses

25
Q

lifetime implications for unhealthy behaviors

A
  • May contribute more on premiums
  • Live shorter
  • financed the healthy
26
Q

Public social perspective obesity as a health crisis

A
  • Pooled insurance; costs felt lower for unhealthy
  • start acting unhealthy
  • Inducing moral hazard
  • Negative externalities; higher costs, demand curve shift
  • Reduce social welfare
    (more demand, higher expenses, with fewer resources)
27
Q

How do lifestyle changes affect health demand from an individual’s perspective?

A

Private costs
- Personal health risks
- Stigma
- Lower wages

28
Q

How do lifestyle changes affect health demand from an insurer?

A
  • Unhealthy behaviors
  • Lead to higher premiums for everyone
  • Cross susidization
29
Q

When government intervention

A

When there are externalities impacting the social welfare

30
Q

insurance and price of unhealthy habits

A
  • Lowered by cross subisization.
    Reduced the price of unhealthy habits through pooling
31
Q

Imagine Homer’s elasticity of demand for donuts with respect to pooled insurance is zero. If so, pooled insurance does not change Homer’s behavior,

A
  • Elasticity is zero
  • No demand change due to insurance
  • No Behavior change
  • No moral hazard
  • No wellfare loss

No public health crisis

32
Q

Public point view public health intervention

A
  • No harm others (externalities)
  • respect autonomy
33
Q

Justifications for public health intervention

A
  • Inadequate nutritional information
  • Childhood obesity
    (wellfare economics; what is best for them, childeren not the case, no long term thinking)
  • Impatience and addiction; Wellfare economics opposite behavior of it

ESHPM - Jaar 3 (9 decks)

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