Minor - Week 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Exposome

A

Environmental factors that collectively influence your behavior
outside the individual

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2
Q

Genome

A

All genetic factors that influence your health

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3
Q

What is the role of the environment in encouraging or discouraging PA?

A

Environment influences us much in Physical behavior but realtion is complex
Green spaces
- Playgrounds
- Sport facilitues
- Facilities daily use

A compound measure for PA

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4
Q

Prevention paradox

A

The small high risk group that is targeted doens’t affect the average as much

People at moderate risk are influence the outcome most

  • Riks you also need distribution
  • Shift the whole distribution to the left
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5
Q

Environmental food rotterdam

A

Unhealthy food outlets increased by 24%
- Increased in neighbours with low SES

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6
Q

Environmental measures on health effect

A
  • Little on individual level
  • High on population level; as it targets the middle risks
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7
Q

Contextual factors that in LMIC that influence health decision making

A
  • Little knowledge of health decisions
  • fewer resources, more disease burden
  • Low financial resources to spend on healthcare

Leads to more health decisions with fewer resources, lead to suboptimal decisions

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8
Q

Traditional interventions assumptions

A

Context little influence (time consistent and consistent preferences)
- Enough information
- Decisons that maximize utiity
- Self-interested
- Consistent preferences

Interventions targeted towards; information, incentives, pricing interventions and regulation

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9
Q

Traditional interventions - Informational

A

Correct problem of incomplete health
- lowers uptake to preventive health behaviors

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10
Q

Traditional interventions - Financial incentvies

A

Influence undesirable behaviors
- Conditional cash transfer; cash when applying
- contraints removed by poor households

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11
Q

Traditional interventions - Pricing interventions

A

Pricing interventions targets mostly the poorer
- can be good type of intervention in LMICC

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12
Q

Context factors influence outcomes in LMIC

A
  • Money; react on incentives and pricing
  • Information; little as people are illiterate
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13
Q

Why behavioral insights in LMIC

A

Stress of poverty changes cognition and preferences
- Relying more on system 1

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14
Q

Error prone

A

Mental shortcuts sometimes lead to inefficient decision making, where in circumstances important aspects of a problem are being missed

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15
Q

Behavioral insight LMIC - Commitment savings account

A

Tackles present bias
- Commitment improved the savings and tackles present bias
- Used; commitment vs. marketing information

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16
Q

Behavioral insight LMIC - Nudging (testing HIV)

A

Tackles not being tested
- Immediate incentive
- Information alone
- Delayed incentive
- Soft commitment

Incentive works best

17
Q

Challenges behavioral interventions LMIC!

A
  • Structural; weak infrastructure (limited supply)
  • Replication and generalizability; BI are designed in west an must find other practice in other countries with other environments and cues
  • Significant differences in society configured
    (cultural context and how mobiles shape health in these countries)
  • Scale (sustaiable); risk of stalling after start
18
Q

Causes of increasing obesity

A
  • Genetics not (gene pool doesn’t change so fast…)
    -Food industry; high calorie intake promote
  • Food price trends; cheap food
  • Changing lifestyles (sedentary jobs, heating and AC, automobile)
  • participation of women;
19
Q

The costs of obesity

A

Health losses
- Riks of chronic disease
- reduced
- lower QOL
- Reduced physical functioning

Lower wages

Social stigma

Higher health expenses

20
Q

behavioral insights by obesity

A
  • Behavior leads to illness
  • Ilness to health consumption
  • Health comsumption to costs
  • Prevention on unhealthy behavior
21
Q

True? People smoke and obese cost more than healthy living people and therefore forced to pay more premium

A

No !
- People with obesity and smoke died earlier
- Obesity and smoking shorter illness and then die earlier. Lead to fewer costs
- Healthy people live longer and therefore make more healthcare costs

The expenses of smoking are paid by themselfses

22
Q

Biggest cost of unhealthy lifestyle are borne by those with an unhealthy lifestyle, not by others, that are
- Long term perspective

A
  • Social stigma
  • Lower wages
  • Health losses
23
Q

Healthcare costs, why smokers and obesity people pay for their own and for healthy?
- Long term perspective

A
  • Unhealthy individuals pay equal premiums.
  • Shorter lives lead to lower lifetime healthcare costs.
  • Leaves more of their premiums for healthy, longer-living individuals.
24
Q

short term and long term perspective

A

Short
- Healthy people pay for the sick to cover medical expenses

Life perspective; smokers and obeesity
- Shorter lives
- Use less healthcare
- Less expenses

25
lifetime implications for unhealthy behaviors
- May contribute more on premiums - Live shorter - financed the healthy
26
Public social perspective obesity as a health crisis
- Pooled insurance; costs felt lower for unhealthy - start acting unhealthy - Inducing moral hazard - Negative externalities; higher costs, demand curve shift - Reduce social welfare (more demand, higher expenses, with fewer resources)
27
How do lifestyle changes affect health demand from an individual's perspective?
Private costs - Personal health risks - Stigma - Lower wages
28
How do lifestyle changes affect health demand from an insurer?
- Unhealthy behaviors - Lead to higher premiums for everyone - Cross susidization
29
When government intervention
When there are externalities impacting the social welfare
30
insurance and price of unhealthy habits
- Lowered by cross subisization. Reduced the price of unhealthy habits through pooling
31
Imagine Homer’s elasticity of demand for donuts with respect to pooled insurance is zero. If so, pooled insurance does not change Homer’s behavior,
- Elasticity is zero - No demand change due to insurance - No Behavior change - No moral hazard - No wellfare loss No public health crisis
32
Public point view public health intervention
- No harm others (externalities) - respect autonomy
33
Justifications for public health intervention
- Inadequate nutritional information - Childhood obesity (wellfare economics; what is best for them, childeren not the case, no long term thinking) - Impatience and addiction; Wellfare economics opposite behavior of it