Minor: Global health and infectious disease Flashcards
What are NGOs and their characteristics?
NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations)
Characteristics:
1. Independence
2. Non-commercial
3. Operate globally or locally
What is the role of an HTA agency, and what do they evaluate?
HTA (Health Technology Assessment) agency:
1. Evaluates
2. Provides policy advice
3. Increases transparency
4. Shares knowledge
HTA agencies evaluate:
Effectiveness, Safety, Costs, Ethical impact, Legal impact, Social impact of medical technologies or interventions
How do you prioritize health interventions for inclusion into a National Health Benefit Package?
Prioritization is based on:
1. Cost-effectiveness (e.g., using QALYs - Quality-Adjusted Life Years)
2. Clinical effectiveness
3. Ethical considerations
4. Public health impact
What are Evidence-Informed Deliberative Processes (EDPs), and how are they influenced by Stakeholder Deliberation and Rational Decision-Making? Provide an example.
Definition of EDPs:
Evidence-Informed Deliberative Processes (EDPs) are structured decision-making processes that combine stakeholder input with evidence-based analysis to prioritize health interventions.
Influenced by two forces:
1. Stakeholder Deliberation: Involves discussions among stakeholders (e.g., patients, policymakers, healthcare providers) to reflect on values, priorities, and ethical considerations.
2. Rational Decision-Making: Based on objective evidence such as cost-effectiveness, clinical outcomes, and public health data.
Example:
A government prioritizes interventions for inclusion in a National Health Benefit Package.
What is a health system?
All organizations, people, and actions whose primary purpose is to promote, restore, or maintain health. This also includes the private sector.
What are the goals of a health system?
Improving health and health equity in ways that are responsive, financially fair, and make the best or most efficient use of available resources.
What is good governance?
- Direction and vision.
- Cost-effective strategies.
- Appropriate institutions with clear mandates.
- Adequate incentives.
- Checks and balances for accountability.
What are the six building blocks of a health system?
- Service delivery.
- Health workforce.
- Information.
- Medical products.
- Financing.
- Leadership and governance.
What are the four goals of a health system according to the WHO?
- Improved health: Enhancing the overall health and equity of the population by preventing, treating, and managing diseases.
- Responsiveness: Ensuring the health system meets the needs and expectations of individuals, including respect for dignity and confidentiality.
- Risk protection (financial protection): Protecting individuals from catastrophic health expenses and preventing poverty caused by medical costs.
- Improved efficiency: Maximizing health outcomes with the available resources, ensuring cost-effectiveness and minimizing waste.
What is the definition of a well-functioning health system?
- Improving the health status of individuals, families, and communities.
- Defending the population against threats to its health.
- Protecting people against the financial consequences of ill health.
- Providing equitable access to people-centered care.
What is UHC (Universal Health Coverage)?
Universal Health Coverage (UHC) is a global goal ensuring that everyone has access to quality healthcare services without experiencing financial hardship.
What are the three dimensions of UHC (Universal Health Coverage)?
- Population (Population protected): Goal: Ensure that everyone, including vulnerable and poor populations, is covered.
- Services (Solutions): Goal: Provide access to quality care, including prevention, treatment, rehabilitation, and palliative care.
- Costs (Costs covered): Goal: Make healthcare affordable by removing financial barriers, ensuring that cost is never a reason to avoid care.
