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Pharm Y3S2 > Minor Ailments > Flashcards

Minor Ailments Flashcards

OSCE

1
Q

Give 5 potential causes of mouth ulcers?

A 
Stress
Trauma
Sensitivity to certain foods
Menstrual cycle
Smoking
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2
Q

What are the age parameters for mouth ulcers?

A

Most common aged 20-40

Refer any children under 10

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3
Q

How long do mouth ulcers normally last? When should you refer?

A

Last 10-14 days

Refer if they have not resolved after 2-3 weeks or if there is no improvement after 1 week of treatment

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4
Q

Give 5 disease states that may make mouth ulcers more common.

A 
Coeliac disease
Crohn's
Reiter's syndrome
Immunodeficiency
B12 or iron deficient anaemia
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5
Q

Give 3 medicines that may make mouth ulcers more common.

A

NSAIDs
Nicorandil
Beta-blockers

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6
Q

What are the danger symptoms of mouth ulcers?

A 
Bleeding gums
One large ulcer (over 1 cm diameter)
Irregular shape
Weight loss/diarrhoea
Genital ulcers
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7
Q

Give 3 treatment options for mouth ulcers.

A 
Lidocaine- local anaesthetic to reduce pain
Cetalkonium chloride (bonjela) to reduce pain
Chlorhexidine mouthwash
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8
Q

What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with a mouth ulcer?

A

Oral hygiene
Regular dentist visits
Using a soft toothbrush
Avoid hard foods or foods that trigger ulcers

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9
Q

Give 3 potential causes of oral thrush?

A

Broad spectrum antibiotics
Immunosuppression
Inhaled steroids

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10
Q

What are the age parameters for oral thrush?

A

Most common in babies

Refer patients over 50 years

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11
Q

How long does oral thrush normally last? When should you refer?

A

Refer if over 3 weeks or infection is recurrent

If no improvement after one week of treatment

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12
Q

Give 2 disease states that may make oral thrush more common.

A

Immunosuppression
Diabetes
(Refer)

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13
Q

What are the danger symptoms of oral thrush?

A

Painless lesions
Lesions that cannot be wiped off
Recurrent infection

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14
Q

Give 2 treatment options for oral thrush.

A

Miconazole oral gel- not to be used with warfarin or in pregnancy
Chlorhexidine mouthwash

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15
Q

What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with oral thrush?

A

Use very soft toothbrush
Ensure good blood glucose control
Use spacer with inhaled steroids
Leave dentures out for at least 6 hours out of 24
Regularly sterilise/disinfect dentures, dummies, mouth toys

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16
Q

What are the differences between indigestion and heartburn?

A

Heartburn- burning sensation in centre of chest worsens when lying down
Indigestion- pain in stomach, bloated, full sensation

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17
Q

Give 7 potential causes of heartburn and indigestion?

A 
Pregnancy
Obesity
Tight clothing
Smoking
Skipping meals
Bending or lifting
Certain food/drink
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18
Q

What are the age parameters for indigestion/heartburn?

A

Usually occurs in young adults

Refer over 45s suffering for the first time

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19
Q

How long does indigestion/heartburn normally last? When should you refer?

A

Refer if lasted over 2 weeks, or 1 week with treatment

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20
Q

What are the danger symptoms of heartburn/indigestion?

A 
Chest pain accompanied by pain in arm or jaw
Blood in stools
Breathlessness
Symptoms frequent
Difficulty swallowing
Unintentional weight loss
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21
Q

Give 4 treatment options for indigestion and heartburn.

A

Antacid, aluminium hydroxide
Rennies, calcium and magnesium carbonate- safe in pregnancy
Sodium alginate
Omeprazole

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22
Q

What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with indigestion or heartburn?

A 
Eat small, regular meals
Avoid eating late at night
avoid trigger foods
Eat sitting down
Chew food properly
Exercise regularly but not immediately before or after a meal
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23
Q

Give 3 potential causes of nausea and vomiting

A

Gastroenteritis
Pregnancy
Alcohol

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24
Q

What are the age parameters for nausea/vomiting?

A

Refer children under 2 and elderly due to dehydration risk

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25
Q

How long does nausea and vomiting normally last? When should you refer?

A

Refer adults with symptoms over 2 days, may give them rehydration therapy in the meantime

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26
Q

Give 3 medicines that may make nausea and vomiting more common.

A

NSAIDs
Chemotherapy
Antibiotics
Reduce symptoms by taking with food

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27
Q

What are the danger symptoms of nausea and vomiting?

A 
Constant vomiting
Unintentional weight loss
Abdominal pain
Fever
CNS effects
Dark coloured urine and other signs of dehydration
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28
Q

Give 3 treatment options for nausea and vomiting.

A

Dioralyte ORT
Domperidone liquid
Prochlorperazine buccal

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29
Q

What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with nausea and vomiting?

A

Replace lost fluid with regular sips of water

In pregnancy, drink and eat little and often

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30
Q

What are the danger symptoms of motion sickness?

A

Seek advice if symptoms continue after you stop travelling

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31
Q

What is the most common treatment for motion sickness?

A

Hyoscine patches

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32
Q

What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with motion sickness?

A 
Minimise motion by sitting at the front
Look straight ahead
Close eyes and breath slowly
Fresh air and regular breaks
Ginger can help with nausea
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33
Q

Give 6 potential causes of constipation?

A 
Not enough fibre or fluids in the diet
Pregnancy
Old age
Laxative abuse
Change in diet or routine
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34
Q

What are the age parameters for treatment of constipation?

A

Children may be given a single glycerin suppository
Avoid stimulant laxatives in pregnancy
Elderly should be given bulk forming laxatives but maintain fluid intake

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35
Q

How long can constipation normally last? When should you refer?

A

If longer than 1 week then refer, with or without treatment

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36
Q

What are the danger symptoms of constipation?

A

Blood in stools
Recurring problem
Unintentional weight loss
Severe pain when passing stools

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37
Q

Name 2 stimulant laxatives.

A

Bisacodyl

Senna

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38
Q

Name 2 faecal softeners.

A

Glycerin

Docusate

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39
Q

Name a bulk forming laxative.

A

Ispaghula husk

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40
Q

What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with constipation?

A

Increase fibre and fluid intake
Regular exercise
Avoid holding back when you have the urge to go to the toilet

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41
Q

What are the age parameters for diarrhoea?

A

Refer infants and babies due to dehydration risk

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42
Q

How long does diarrhoea normally last? When should you refer?

A

Refer if symptoms have lasted one week

If no improvement after 2 days of treatment (1 in infants) refer

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43
Q

Give 2 medicines that may make diarrhoea more common.

A

Antibiotics

Antacids containing magnesium

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44
Q

What are the danger symptoms of diarrhoea?

A

Signs of dehydration
Bloody/dark stools
Severe abdominal/rectal pain
Returning from holiday with a fever

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45
Q

Give 3 treatment options for diarrhoea.

A

Dioralyte ORT
Loperamide
Bismuth (bacterial diarrhoea)

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46
Q

What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with diarrhoea?

A 
Drink plenty of water
Follow good toilet hygiene
Avoid foods that aggravate diarrhoea
Tackle stress/anxiety
Drink bottled water on holiday
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47
Q

What key symptom is indicative of IBS?

A

Pain in the lower left quadrant of abdomen

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48
Q

What are the age parameters for IBS?

A

Refer children, the elderly or pregnant women

Usually affects people under 40

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49
Q

How long does IBS normally last?

A

Tends to be episodic

Symptoms may occur in a pattern over months or years

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50
Q

What are the danger symptoms of IBS?

A 
Over 45s with change in bowel habits
Blood in stools or rectum
Unexplained weight loss
Unresponsive to treatment
Family history of IBD or cancer
Previous bowel surgery
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51
Q

What are the two most common treatments for symptomatic relief of IBS?

A

Fybogel- constipation relief

Immodium- diarrhoea relief

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52
Q

Give 3 treatment options for IBS.

A

Hyoscine
Mebeverine
Peppermint oil

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53
Q

What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with IBS?

A 
Have regular meals
Drink plenty of water
Reduce tea/coffee intake
Reduce alcohol and fizzy drink intake
Avoid aggravating factors
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54
Q

What is the key to treating threadworms?

A

The entire family should be treated even without symptoms

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55
Q

What are the danger symptoms of threadworms?

A

Travel abroad
Medication failure
Perianal skin broken/weeping

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56
Q

Give the most common treatment option for threadworms.

A

Mebendazole

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57
Q

What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with threadworms?

A

Treat all family members
Reassure that it is very common
Cut fingernails short
Wash hands and brush nails after using the bathroom
Wear pyjamas to reducing itching at night
Have bath/shower each morning

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58
Q

How long should symptoms of threadworms last before referring?

A

If no improvement after 7-14 days with treatment, refer.

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59
Q

What are the age parameters for haemorrhoids?

A

Refer children

Incidence increases with age

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60
Q

How long do haemorrhoids normally last? When should you refer?

A

Refer if present longer than 3 weeks

Refer if no improvement with treatment after 1 week

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61
Q

Give 5 potential causes of haemorrhoids?

A 
Pregnancy
Irregular eating patterns
Poor toilet habits
Obesity
Regular straining/heavy lifting in work or sport
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62
Q

What are the danger symptoms of haemorrhoids?

A 
Presence of blood in stool
Change in bowel habits
Abdominal pain
Severe, sharp pain when defecating
Persistent/recurrent inflammation
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63
Q

Give 3 treatment options for haemorrhoids.

A 
Anusol
Anusol HC (hydrocortisone)
Lidocaine
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64
Q

What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with haemorrhoids?

A 
Promote soft stools
Try not to strain
Avoid excessive caffeine intake
Avoid opioid analgesics
Topical treatments will provide relief but cannot cure
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65
Q

How long does a cold/flu normally last? When should you refer?

A

Cold symptoms can last 2-14 days
Flu symptoms last around 1 week
Refer if symptoms persist for 2-3 weeks
Refer if no improvement with treatment after 1-2 weeks

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66
Q

What are the danger symptoms of cold and flu?

A 
Shortness of breath
Difficulty breathing
Blood in phlegm
Phlegm is green/yellow
Chest pain on coughing
Rash/stiffness
Earache not settling with analgesia
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67
Q

Give 2 examples of decongestants.

A

Xylometazoline

Pseudoephedrine

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68
Q

What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with cold/flu?

A 
Get plenty of rest
Keep hydrated
Inhale steam to loosen and help bring up phlegm
Increase vitamin C and zinc
Avoid smoking
See if you are eligible for flu vaccine
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69
Q

What is the difference between a chesty cough and a dry/tickly cough?

A

Chesty coughs tend to be productive, bring up sputum

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70
Q

What is the key identifier of chronic bronchitis?

A

Tends to be worse in the morning

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71
Q

How long does a cough normally last? When should you refer?

A

Refer if over 3 weeks or no improvement with treatment after 2 weeks

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72
Q

What medicines or conditions may cause cough?

A

ACE inhibitors
Emphysema
Bronchitis
Lung disease

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73
Q

What is the key identifier of congestive heart failure with a cough?

A

Worse when lying down, may be swelling in legs

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74
Q

What are the danger symptoms of a cough?

A 
Green/yellow phlegm
Blood in phlegm
Shortness of breath
Noisy/difficult breathing
Chest pain
Rash/stiff neck
Ear pain
Unintentional weight loss- TB
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75
Q

Give an example of a demulcent formulation for a cough.

A

Beechams honey and lemon

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76
Q

Give examples of expectorants.

A

Guaifenesin
Pseudoephedrine
Diphenhydramine
Levomenthol

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77
Q

Give the main example of a cough suppressant.

A

Dextromethorphan

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78
Q

What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with a cough?

A 
Keep hydrated
Rest
Suck on a hard candy
Cut down smoking
If worsened by dry air, get a humidifier
If worse at night take something that will make you drowsy
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79
Q

How long does a sore throat normally last? When should you refer?

A

Refer if lasted over 2 weeks or if no improvement with treatment after 1 week

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80
Q

What are the danger symptoms of a sore throat?

A 
Extreme pain
Skin rash
Fever
Spots on throat or tongue
Neck stiffness
Difficulty swallowing
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81
Q

What is the key differential diagnosis of a sore throat?

A

Glandular fever

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82
Q

Give 3 treatment options for a sore throat.

A

Dichlorobenzyl alcohol (strepsils)
Benzalkonium antiseptic
Benzocaine spray

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83
Q

What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with a sore throat?

A

Drink plenty of fluids
Gargle with salty water
Avoid smoking
Avoid food or drink that is too hot

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84
Q

What is the main difference between hay fever and perennial rhinitis?

A

Hayfever is seasonal from April to September

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85
Q

What are the age parameters for allergic rhinitis?

A

Common in children

Symptoms often become milder as you get older

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86
Q

What are the danger symptoms of allergic rhinitis?

A 
Wheezing, shortness of breath
Chest pain
Earache/facial pain
Redder eyes, coloured and sticky discharge
One sided nasal discharge
Failed treatment
Pregnancy
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87
Q

What timescale should you refer allergic rhinitis?

A

If symptoms do not improve within 5 days of commencing treatment

88
Q

Give an example of a mast cell stabiliser.

A

Sodium cromoglicate

89
Q

Give 5 treatment options for allergic rhinitis.

A 
Loratidine
Chlorphenamine
Sodium cromoglicate
Xylometazoline
Beclometasone spray
90
Q

What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with allergic rhinitis?

A 
Avoid triggers
Sleep with windows closed
Avoid being outside when pollen count is high
Wear dark glasses
Limit pets to certain areas of the house
91
Q

Name 4 types of headache.

A

Tension
Sinus
Hangover
Medication overuse

92
Q

How might someone describe a tension headache?

A

Dull ache in forehead, temples or back of the neck

Tight band around head or heavy weight on top of head

93
Q

What often accompanies a hangover headache?

A

Nausea and vomiting

94
Q

What are the key symptoms of a medication overuse headache?

A

Oppressive

Worse in the morning or after exercise

95
Q

What are the age parameters for a headache?

A

Refer children, especially with trauma

96
Q

Give 2 likely causes of headaches.

A

Alcohol

Straining eyes/using a computer

97
Q

What are the danger symptoms of headaches?

A 
Sudden, severe headache
Nausea and vomiting
Persistent and recurring
Fever, stiff neck
Blurred vision
Trauma
Increasing severity or frequency
Numbness, tingling of limbs
98
Q

What are the benefits of dispersible as opposed to traditional tablets in headache?

A

Achieve peak effect in 30 minutes rather than 2 hours

99
Q

Why may levomenthol be useful in headache?

A

Available as cooling strips to apply topically

100
Q

What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with a headache?

A 
Plenty of rest
Regular breaks when concentrating for long periods
Try to avoid known triggers
Regular eye tests
Apply ice pack to painful areas
Well hydrated
101
Q

What are the key symptoms of a migraine?

A 
Headache on one side
Blurred
Vision
Flashing/coloured lights
Nausea and vomiting
Tingling in hands or arms
102
Q

How long can a migraine last?

A

Lasts 4-60 minutes

Complete recovery in 4-72 hours

103
Q

With what medication should a migraine be referred?

A

COCP

104
Q

What are the danger symptoms of migraines?

A

First time

Vision/hearing/sensory loss

105
Q

When can sumatriptan be sold in migraine?

A

With previous GP diagnosis

106
Q

Give 3 treatment options for migraines.

A

Sumitriptan
Migraleve pink and yellow
Midrid capsules

107
Q

What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with migraines?

A

Keep a diary in order to try and identify triggers
During attack, lie down, try to sleep, in dark and quiet room
Maintain good nutrition

108
Q

Define a sprain.

A

Injury to ligament supporting a joint

109
Q

Define a strain.

A

Injury to muscles and tendons that move the bones of a joint.

110
Q

What are the danger symptoms of muscoskeletal injuries?

A

Unable to bare weight
Severe pain or swelling
Numbness and severe deformity
Popping sound upon injury

111
Q

What are the age parameters for muscoskeletal injury?

A

Refer children and elderly due to fracture risk

112
Q

How long do sprains/strains normally last? When should you refer?

A

Refer if over 4 days or treatment does not improve symptoms within 4 days

113
Q

What are the potential causes of backache?

A

Pregnancy
Awkward bending
Sitting for long periods

114
Q

How long does backache normally last? When should you refer?

A

Refer if constant or no improvement after 10-14 days

115
Q

What are the danger symptoms of backache?

A 
Fever, nausea and vomiting
Weight loss
Inflammation/swelling
Pain that travels to chest
Loss of bowel control
Kidney pain
Severe pain radiating into legs
116
Q

Define tennis elbow.

A

Swelling around outer edge of the elbow, pain during movement.

117
Q

Define golfer’s elbow.

A

Swelling on the inside of the elbow

Pain during movement and when quickly flexing arm/hand

118
Q

How long does tennis/golfer elbow normally last? When should you refer?

A

Usually around 2 days, after this refer

If no improvement with treatment after 4 days refer

119
Q

What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with muscoskeletal injury?

A 
Protect
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevate

After first 48 hours, inflammation reduced, may apply heat for pain

120
Q

What is frozen shoulder?

A

Stiffness and pain

Reduced movement

121
Q

How long does frozen shoulder normally last? When should you refer?

A

Aching/stiffness can last 2-9 months
Adhesive stage- stiffness and muscle wasting many last 4-12 months
Recovery stage can take 5-12 months

122
Q

What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with frozen shoulder?

A

Shoulder exercise to maintain movement

Saving the shoulder can increase stiffness and cause muscle wasting

123
Q

How long does rheumatism normally last? When should you refer?

A

Refer if over 6 weeks
If they haven’t seen their doctor in 6 months, refer back
If no improvement with treatment after 7 days, refer

124
Q

What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Plenty of rest during flare ups
Exercise is important to maintain mobility
Non-weight bearing exercise such as swimming

125
Q

What are the age parameters for vaginal thrush?

A

Refer anyone under 16 or over 60

Common in women of childbearing age

126
Q

How long does vaginal thrush normally last? When should you refer?

A

Refer if present for over 2 weeks

Refer if more than two attacks in 6 months

127
Q

What are the danger symptoms of vaginal thrush?

A 
Diabetes
Treatment failure
Pregnancy
First occurrence
Blood stained or strong smelling discharge
128
Q

What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with vaginal thrush?

A

Avoid tight fitting clothing
Avoid strong soaps and douches
Application of live yoghurt can soothe and restore bacterial/fungal cell balance

129
Q

What formulation options are there for vaginal thrush?

A

External cream
Internal cream
Pessary
Canesten combi

130
Q

What are the age parameters for cystitis?

A

Refer all children

131
Q

How long does cystitis normally last? When should you refer?

A

Refer if treatment for 2 days gives no improvement

132
Q

What are the danger symptoms of cystitis?

A 
Male
Fever, nausea and vomiting
Haematuria
Pregnancy
Recurrent
Loin pain/tenderness
133
Q

What is the mainstay treatment for cystitis?

A

Potassium citrate

134
Q

What are the age parameters for dysmenorrhoea?

A

Primary- 17-25 years

Secondary- over 25 years

135
Q

How long does dysmenorrhoea normally last? When should you refer?

A

Around 3 days

Refer if no improvement with treatment over 2 cycles

136
Q

What are the danger symptoms of dysmenorrhoea?

A

Abnormal discharge or bleeding
Fever
Severe intermenstrual pain

137
Q

Give 3 treatment options for dysmenorrhoea.

A

Ibuprofen
Naproxen
Tranexamic acid

138
Q

What are the guidelines for giving tranexamic acid in dysmenorrhoea?

A

Over 18
Regular cycle
Commence treatment when period starts
Treat for no more than 4 days

139
Q

What are the age parameters for insomnia?

A

Refer anyone under 16

140
Q

What are the danger symptoms of insomnia?

A

Suspected depression

141
Q

What are the treatment options for insomnia?

A

Diphenhydramine (nytol)

Kalms

142
Q

What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with insomnia?

A

Avoid daytime naps
Avoid caffeine, nicotine, alcohol and heavy meals 6 hours before bed
Regular exercise can help but avoid 4 hours before bed
Try having warm bath or milky drink before bed
Try relaxation techniques

143
Q

How long does insomnia normally last? When should you refer?

A

Refer if over 3 weeks or 1 week if no improvement with treatment

144
Q

What are the differences between irritant and allergic contact dermatitis?

A

Irritant can become chronic and occurs within 48 hours of contact
Allergic can have a delay of hours or days before symptoms seen

145
Q

How long does contact dermatitis normally last? When should you refer?

A

If over 2 weeks or no improvement after 1 week with treatment refer

146
Q

Give potential causes of contact dermatitis.

A 
Nickel in jewellery
Soaps
Detergents
Hair dye
Chromates (cement)
Plasters
147
Q

What are the danger symptoms of contact dermatitis?

A

Infection
Severe condition
Cracked or bleeding skin

148
Q

What are the danger symptoms of acne?

A

Signs of infection
Pregnancy
Adult suffering for the first time

149
Q

Give potential causes of acne.

A 
Stress
Make up
Contraceptive pill
Exfoliation
Before period
150
Q

How long does acne normally last? When should you refer?

A

Refer if no improvement with 8 week treatment

151
Q

What is the treatment for acne?

A

Benzyl peroxide

152
Q

What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with acne?

A

Wash skin gently twice daily
Avoid very hot water and strong detergents
Wash hair regularly, especially with fringe
Resist temptation to squeeze sports
Natural sunlight helps
Choose water based cosmetics

153
Q

What are the danger symptoms of athlete’s foot?

A 
Base of nail discoloured, brittle
Weeping, yellow crusts
Swollen foot
Large blisters/ulcers
Diabetes
154
Q

What should be suggested in treatment failure of athlete’s foot?

A

Consider adherence
If tried daktarin, recommend lamisil
Give lamisil once if compliance issues
Continue treatment for 2 weeks after infection has cleared

155
Q

Give 4 treatment options for athlete’s foot.

A

Miconazole (daktarin)
Terbinafine (lamisil)
Miconazole and hydrocortisone (daktarin HC)
Amorolfine (curanail)

156
Q

What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with athlete’s foot?

A 
Wash and dry feet thoroughly
Wear socks made of cotton or wool
Avoid shoes made of synthetic material
Powder feet and inside of shoes with anti fungal
Spend time bare foot when possible
157
Q

How long does athlete’s foot normally last? When should you refer?

A

Refer if present for over 2 weeks or no improvement with 7 days of treatment

158
Q

How do cold sores present?

A

Tingling in skin for 6-24 hours before appearance
Weeping/crusting at 4th day after appearance
Total episode usually lasts 1-2 weeks

159
Q

What can cause cold sores?

A 
Stress
Illness
Strong sunlight
Menstruation
Fatigue
Cold weather
160
Q

What are the danger symptoms of cold sores?

A 
Failure to resolve
Severe or worsening
History of frequent occurrence
Painless
Eye affected
161
Q

Give 2 treatment options for cold sores.

A

Acyclovir 5% (Zovirax)

Lidocaine 2% gel

162
Q

What are the key differences between warts and verrucae?

A

Warts- rough, scaly papules that are normally painless
Occur on hands, elbows and knees
Verrucae- flat, thickened skin with black centre, painful when pressure applied
Occur on weight bearing ares, soles of feet

163
Q

What are the danger symptoms of warts/verrucae?

A 
Cracked skin
Weeping
Itching
Bleeding
Genital or facial
164
Q

What is the treatment of verrucae?

A

Salicylic acid

165
Q

What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with a wart or verruca?

A

Treatment takes up to 3 months, refer if no improvement after 12 weeks
Keep feet dry
Do not scratch or pick
Cover with swimming socks or plaster

166
Q

How long does scabies normally last? When should you refer?

A

Symptoms appear 2-6 weeks after infestation

Refer if treatment does not show improvement in 7-14 days

167
Q

What are the danger symptoms of scabies?

A 
Babies and children
Pregnancy
Diabetes
Asthma
Infected or broken skin
168
Q

How is scabies treatment applied?

A

To entire body from the neck down and left for at least 8 hours before washing off.

169
Q

Give 2 treatment options for scabies.

A

Permethrin

Malathion

170
Q

What are the symptomatic treatment options in scabies?

A

Chlorphenamine and Eurax cream to stop itching

171
Q

What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with scabies?

A

Very contagious
Bed linen, towels should be machine washing on hot wash after treatment
Any linen that cannot be washed should be contained in plastic bag for 3 days until mites die
Itching may continue for 3 weeks after successful treatment
All household members should be treatment on the same day

172
Q

Give 3 potential causes of dandruff.

A

Not brushing hair regularly
Nutritional deficiencies
High sugar diet

173
Q

What are the danger symptoms of dandruff?

A 
Pregnancy
Yellow, greasy looking skin
Inflammation
Red and crusty skin
Knees or elbows- psoriasis
174
Q

Give 3 treatment options for dandruff.

A

Salicylic acid shampoo
Selenium sulphide shampoo
Ketoconazole 2% shampoo

175
Q

What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with dandruff?

A

Brush hair daily, wash at least 3 times per week
Use medicated shampoo every 1-2 weeks to prevent recurrence
Avoid chemical dyes
Avoid scratching

176
Q

When should symptoms of dandruff improve?

A

Within 12 weeks of starting treatment

177
Q

What are the features of psoriasis?

A

Occurs on scalp, knees, elbows and can affect finger nails

Thickened red patches of skin, look scaly

178
Q

How long does psoriasis last?

A

Usually occurs in cycles of weeks to months

Refer if no visible improvement after 1 week of treatment

179
Q

What are the danger symptoms of psoriasis?

A

Weeping
Crusting
Crack skin
Infection

180
Q

What are the 2 main treatment options for psoriasis?

A

Coal tar

Hydrocortisone 1% cream

181
Q

What lifestyle advice could you give to someone with psoriasis?

A

Keep skin lubricated
Use soap free cleansers if possible
Exposure to sun can help
Bathing in hot water can reduce scaling

182
Q

How long does nappy rash normally last? When should you refer?

A

Refer if present for over 2 weeks or with treatment if symptoms do not improve in 1 week

183
Q

What are the danger symptoms of nappy rash?

A

Signs of infection
Small, red dots or extension beyond nappy area suggestive of fungal infection
Darker, purple spots (meningitis)

184
Q

What are the mainstays for treatment of nappy rash?

A

Canesten or daktarin followed by barrier cream

185
Q

What lifestyle advice could you give for nappy rash?

A

Increase frequency of nappy changes
Use warm water and cotton to clean bottom
Pat nappy area dry
Leave nappy off for as long as possible
Talc and baby wipes can be irritant
Barrier creams can help to protect the skin

186
Q

What are the 3 types of conjunctivitis.

A

Infective
Allergic
Irritant

187
Q

Describe the difference in symptoms of infective and allergic conjunctivitis.

A

Infective- starts in one eye and spreads, sticky discharge, whites of the eyes look pink, eyes feel gritty and irritated
Allergic- both eyes develop symptoms at the same time, watery and itchy eyes

188
Q

How long does conjunctivitis normally last? When should you refer?

A

Usually resolves itself but refer if over one week

Refer if no improvement within 48 hours of treatment

189
Q

What could be the cause of conjunctivitis?

A 
Contact lenses
Allergy
Pollution
Smoke
Chlorine
Bright lights
190
Q

What are the danger symptoms of conjunctivitis?

A 
Worsening symptoms
Vision disturbance
Glaucoma
Recurrence
Pregnancy
Abnormal pupil
191
Q

What are the 2 treatment options for infective conjunctivitis?

A

Propamidine

Chloramphenicol

192
Q

What are the 2 treatment options for allergic conjunctivitis?

A

Sodium cromoglicate

Xylometazoline

193
Q

What are the 2 treatment options for irritant conjunctivitis?

A

Witch hazel

Naphazoline

194
Q

What lifestyle advice could you give for conjunctivitis?

A

Do not rub eyes
Infective is highly contagious
Pus/crustiness may be removed with warm slaty water

195
Q

Describe the presenting features of excess earwax.

A 
Difficulty hearing
Pain
Tinnitus
Blocked feeling
Temporary deafness after swimming or showers
196
Q

Describe the presenting features of otitis media.

A 
Pus
Fluid
Inflammation
Severe earache
Hearing loss
Fever
Tinnitus
197
Q

Describe the presenting features of otitis externa.

A

Pain and itching
Dulled hearing
Ear discharge

198
Q

What are the age parameters for ear problems?

A

Refer children under 12 with wax problems

199
Q

How long do ear problems normally last? When should you refer?

A

Refer if no improvement of excess wax in 3 days, persistent otitis external for 7 days
Refer if no improvement with treatment after 7 days

200
Q

What are the danger symptoms of ear problems?

A 
Severe pain
Complete deafness
Fever in glue ear
Otitis media
Otitis externa accompanied by foul smelling discharge or fever
201
Q

What is key to point out with treatments for ear problems?

A

Some products contain peanuts or soya

Drops should be used at room temperature

202
Q

Give 3 treatment options for softening ear wax.

A

Arachis oil and chlorobutanol
Almond oil, archis and camphor oil
Urea hydrogen peroxide

203
Q

What may be given for treatment of otitis external?

A

Acetic acid spray

Isopropyl alcohol

204
Q

What lifestyle advice could you give for ear problems?

A

Cotton buds can compact ear wax
Avoid smoky environments with glue ear
Use ear plugs when swimming

205
Q

When does teething generally occur?

A

Around 6-9 months

206
Q

What are the danger symptoms of teething?

A

Excessive diarrhoea

Temperature over 38

207
Q

What are the 4 treatment options for teething?

A

Paracetamol
Ibuprofen
Bonjela
Lidocaine and cetalkonium (abnesol)

208
Q

What lifestyle advice could you give for teething?

A

Plenty of fluids
Teething rings- can also be cooled in fridge to soothe
Brush teeth as soon as they appear

209
Q

When does head lice generally occur?

A

Common aged 4-11, symptoms occur a long time after initial infection
Refer if no improvement with treatment after 1-2 weeks

210
Q

What is the best method for treating head lice?

A

Wet combing method

Every 4 days for at least 2 weeks

211
Q

Give the 3 treatment options for headline.

A

Phenothrin
Malathion
Dimeticone

212
Q

What lifestyle advice could you give for head lice?

A

Avoid direct head to head contact
Minimise itching
Protect eyes and face when treating
Treat all members of the family

213
Q

What are the danger symptoms of hair loss?

A

Patchy hair loss
Hypothyroidism
Anaemia

214
Q

What is the main treatment option for hair loss? Who can receive it?

A

Minoxidil 2% for women

Minoxidil 5% for men

215
Q

Where does eczema most commonly present?

A

Babies- nappy area, neck, belly, back of scalp, limb creases
Children- skin creases, ankles, around the eyes
Adults- neck, back of hands, ankles, groin

216
Q

What are the danger symptoms of eczema?

A

Infection

Pain

217
Q

What lifestyle advice could you give for eczema?

A 
Aggravating factors
Stress can worsen eczema
Avoid itching
Use non-biological washing powders
Keep skin moist and supple to avoid cracking

Pharm Y3S2 (29 decks)

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