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Literary Studies > Minima Rhetorica > Flashcards

Minima Rhetorica Flashcards

1
Q

Whats an alliteration?

A

The same sound is repeated at the beginning of several words or stressed syllables in words that are in close proximity.
F.e. Moping melancholy mad

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2
Q

Whats an assonance?

A

The same or similar vowel sounds are repeated in the stressed syllables of words that are in close proximity while the consonants differ.
f.e. Gun, drum, trumpet, blunderbuss and thunder

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3
Q

Whats a consonance?

A

Two or more consonants are repeated, but the adjacent vowels differ.
F.e. Friend/frowned, killed/cold, horse/hearse

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4
Q

Whats an onomatopoeia?

A

The sound of the word imitates the sound of the thing which that word denotes.

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5
Q

Whats an example for an onomatopoeia?

A

Clatter, bash, bang, rumble

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6
Q

What are figures on the level of individual sounds?

A
  • alliteration
  • assonance
  • consonance
  • onomatopoeia
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7
Q

What are figures on word-level? (11)

A
  • anadiplosis/reduplicatio
  • anaphora
  • climax/gradatio
  • epistrophe
  • epizeuxis/geminatio
  • homonym
  • polyptoton/metabole
  • portmanteau words
  • symploce
  • synonym
  • tautology
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8
Q

Whats a anadiplosis/reduplicatio?

A

The word or phrase that concludes one line or clause is repeated at the beginning of the next

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9
Q

Whats an example of a anadiplosis/reduplicatio?

A

Furniture requires dusting, dusters require servants, servants require insurance stamps.

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10
Q

Whats an anaphora?

A

A word or phrase is repeated at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses or lines.

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11
Q

Whats a climax/gradatio?

A

Arrangement of words, phrases, or clauses in an order of ascending power

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12
Q

Whats an epistrophe?

A

A word or expression is repeated at the end of successive phrases, clauses or lines

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13
Q

Whats an example for an epistrophe?

A

We meet tonight and part tonight.

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14
Q

Whats a epizeuxis/geminatio?

A

The repetition of the same words immediately next to each other

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15
Q

Whats an example for an epizeuxis/geminatio?

A

Peace, peace seems all

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16
Q

Whats a homonym?

A

Words with the same pronunciation and/or spelling but with different meanings

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17
Q

Whats an example for a homonym?

A

Their-there

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18
Q

Whats a polyptoton/metabole?

A

One word is repeated in different grammatical or syntactical forms.

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19
Q

What does syntactical mean?

A

Inflected

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20
Q

Whats a figure etymologica?

A

A special case of polyptoton, it repeats two or more words of the same stem.

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21
Q

„love is not love Which alters when it alteration finds, Or bends with the remover to remove.“

A

Figure etymologica

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22
Q

There hath he lain for ages, and will lie

A

Polyptoton/metabole

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23
Q

What are portmanteau words?

A

Blend (f.e. Brunch)

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24
Q

Whats a symploce?

A

A combination of Anaphora and epistrophe, so that one word or phrase is repeated at the beginning and another word or phrase is repeated at the end of successive phrases, clauses or sentences.

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25
Q

„Much is your reading, but nor the Word of GOD Much is your building, but not the House of GOD.“

A

Symploce

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26
Q

Alter - change
Brief - short

A

Synonym

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27
Q

Whats a tautology?

A

One idea is repeatedly expressed through additional words, phrases or sentences

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28
Q

Whats an example for tautology?

A

Cheerful joy

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29
Q

What are figures on sentence-level? (12)

A
  • aposiopesis
  • asyndeton
  • chiasmus
  • ellipsis
  • hyperbaton
  • hypotaxis
  • inversion
  • parallelism
  • Parataxis
  • polysyndeton
  • redditio/kyklos/framing
  • zeugma
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30
Q

Firefrorefiddle, the fiend of the fell

A

Alliteration

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31
Q

Breathing like one that hath a weary dream.

A

Assonance

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32
Q

Friend/frowned

A

Consonance

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33
Q

Aspens quiver, little breezes dusk and shiver

A

Onomatopoeia

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34
Q

A wreathed garland of deserved praise, Of praise deserved, unto thee I give, I give to thee, who knowest all my ways, My crooked winding ways, wherin I live. (Herbert, A Wreath)

A

Anadiplosis/reduplicatio

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35
Q

Because I do not hope to turn again Because I do not hope Because I do not hope to turn.

A

Anaphora

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36
Q

Some men are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon them. (Shakespeare, Twelfth Night)

A

Climax

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37
Q

We cannot learn from one another until we stop shouting at one another. (Nixon, Inaugural Address)

A

Epistrophe

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38
Q

Peace, peace seems all

A

Epizeuxis/geminatio

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39
Q

Ball (toy) - ball (dance)

A

Homonym

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40
Q

Brunch

A

Portmanteau words

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41
Q

Much is your reading, but not the Word of GOD
Much is your building, but not the House of GOD. (T.S. Eliot, The Rock)

A

Symploce

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42
Q

I hate inconstancy - I loathe, detest, / Abhor, condemn, abjure the mortal made / Of such quicksilvery clay […] (Byron, Don Juan)

A

Synonym

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43
Q

With malice toward none, with charity for all. (Lincoln, Second Inaugural)

A

Tautology

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44
Q

Whats an aposiopesis?

A

The speaker fails to complete this sentence, (seemingly) overpowered by his emotions

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45
Q

Sir Leicester’s gallantry concedes the point; though he still feels that to bring this sort of squalor among the upper classes is really – really – (Dickens, Bleak House)

A

Aposiopesis

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46
Q

Whats an asyndeton?

A

The omission of conjunctions to coordinate phrases,clauses or words where normally conjunctions would be used

47
Q

Whats an example for an asyndeton?

A

I may, I must, I can, I will, I do Leave following that which it is gain to miss (Sidney, Astrophil and Stella)

48
Q

What can the sheepdog make of such simplified terrain? no hills, dales, bogs, walls, tracks (C. Day Lewis, Sheepdog Trials in Hyde Park)

A

Asyndeton

49
Q

Whats a chiasmus?

A

Two corresponding pairs are arranged in inverted, mirror-like order (a-b, b-a)

50
Q

Whats an example for a chiasmus?

A

Fair is foul and foul is fair. (Shakespeare, Macbeth)

51
Q

At a dinner party one should eat wisely but not too well, and talk well but not too wisely. (W Somerset Maugham)

A

Chiasmus

52
Q

Whats an ellipsis?

A

A word or phrase in a sentence is omitted though implied by the context

53
Q

A mighty maze! but not without a plan. (Pope, Essay on Man)

A

Ellipsis

54
Q

Whats a hyperbaton?

A

Phrases or words that belong together are separated.

55
Q

I got, so far as the immediate moment was concerned, away. (James, Turn of the Screw)
Were I, who to my cost already am, One of those strange, prodigious creatures, Man.
(Rochester, Satire Against Mankind)

A

Hyperbaton

56
Q

Whats a hypotaxis?

A

Clauses and sentences are arranged with subordination, usually longer sentence constructions

57
Q

The house had a name and a history; the old gentleman taking his tea would have been delighted to tell you these things: how it had been built under Edward the Sixth, had offered a night’s hospitality to the great Elizabeth (whose august person had extended itself upon a huge, magnificent and terribly angular bed which still formed the principal honour of the sleeping apartments), had been a good deal bruised and defaced in Cromwell’s wars, and then, under the Restoration, repaired and much enlarged; and how, …

A

Hypotaxis

58
Q

Whats an inversion?

A

The usual word order is rearranged, often for the effect of emphasis or to maintain the metre

59
Q

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimmed (Shakespeare, Sonnet 18) (instead of: ‘Sometime the eye of heaven shines too hot and his gold complexion is often dimmed’)

A

Inversion

60
Q

Whats a parallelism?

A

The repetition of identical or similar syntactic elements

61
Q

Whats an example for parallelism?

A

Though the heart be still as loving
And the moon be still as bright

62
Q

Women represent the triumph of matter over mind, just as men represent the triumph of mind over morals. (Wilde, Picture of Dorian Gray)

A

Parallelism

63
Q

Whats a Parataxis?

A

Clauses or sentences are arranged in a series without subordination, usually shorter sentence constructions

64
Q

My hot water bottle was red, Manchester United’s colour. Sinbad’s was green. I loved the smell of the bottle. I put hot water in it and emptied it and smelled it. I put my nose to the hole, nearly in it. (Doyle, Paddy Clarke)

A

Parataxis

65
Q

Whats a polysyndeton?

A

The unusual repetition of the same conjunction

66
Q

It is a land with neither night nor day, / Nor heat nor cold, nor any wind, nor rain, / Nor hills nor valleys. (Ch. Rossetti, Cobwebs)

A

Polysyndeton

67
Q

Whats a redditio/kyklos/framing?

A

A syntactic unit or verse line is framed by the same element at the beginning and at the end

68
Q

Whats an example for redditio?

A

Vanity, Saite the preacher, vanity!

69
Q

Haste still pays haste, and leisure answers leisure; / Like doth quit like, and Measure still for Measure. (Shakespeare, Measure for Measure)

A

Redditio/kyklos/framing

70
Q

Whats a zeugma?

A

One verb controls two or more objects that have different syntactic and semantic relations to it

71
Q

Whats an example for a zeugma?

A

Harriet had broken all her old ties and half the commandments […] (Dorothy Sayers, Gaudy Night)

72
Q

Or stain her honour or her new brocade, / Forget her prayers or miss a masquerade, / Or lose her heart, or necklace, at a ball (Pope, Rape of the Lock)

A

Zeugma

73
Q

What are all tropes (semantic or pragmatic level)? (17)

A
  • antithesis
  • apostrophe
  • euphemism
  • hyperbole
  • irony
  • metaphor
  • metonymy
  • oxymoron
  • paradox
  • paronomasia/pun
  • pejorative
  • periphrasis
  • personification/prosopoeia
  • simile
  • synaesthesia
  • synecdoche
  • ## understatement (meiosis)
74
Q

Whats an antithesis?

A

Opposition, or contrast of ideas or words in a parallel construction

75
Q

Human life is everywhere a state in which much is to be endured, and little to be enjoyed. (Samuel Johnson)

A

Antithesis

76
Q

Whats an example for an antithesis?

A

Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more. (Shakespeare, Julius Caesar)

77
Q

Whats an apostrophe?

A

Addressing an absent person, a god or a personified abstraction

78
Q

Judge, O you gods, how dearly Caesar loved him. (Shakespeare, Julius Caesar)

A

Apostrophe

79
Q

Whats an euphemism?

A

Substitution of an agreeable or at least non- offensive expression for one whose plainer might be harsh or unpleasant

80
Q

[…] one particular lady, whose lord is more than suspected of laying his umbrella on her
as an instrument of correction, […] (Dickens, Bleak House)

A

Euphemism

81
Q

Whats a hyperbole?

A

Obvious exaggeration for emphasis or for rhetorical effect

82
Q

[…] he couldn’t, however sanguine his disposition, hope to offer a remark that would be a greater outrage on human nature in general […] (Mrs Chick’s response to her husband’s suggestion that the starving baby should be fed with the teapot since there was no nurse. Dickens, Dombey and Son)

A

Hyperbole

83
Q

Whats irony?

A

Expression of something which is contrary to the intended meaning; the words say one thing but mean another

84
Q

In addition […] you are liable to get tide-trapped away in the swamps, […] Of course if you really want a truly safe investment in Fame, and really care about Posterity, and Posterity’s Science, you will jump over into the black batter-like, stinking slime cheered by the thought of the terrific sensation you will produce in 20,000 years hence, and the care you will be taken of then by your fellow-creatures, in a museum. (Mary Kingsley, Travels in West Africa)

A

Irony

85
Q

Whats a metaphor?

A

a figure of similarity, a word or phrase is replaced by an expression denoting an analogous circumstance in a different semantic field. The comparison adds a new dimension of meaning to the original expression. Unlike in simile, the comparison is not made explicit (‘like’ or ‘as’ are not used.

86
Q

Whats an example for a metaphor?

A

That fence about my soul

87
Q

The web of our life is of a mingled yarn, good and ill together. (Shakespeare, All’s Well that Ends Well)

A

Metaphor

88
Q

Whats a metonymy?

A

A figure of contiguity, one word is substituted for another on the basis of some material, causal or conceptual relation

89
Q

My Head and Heart thus flowing thro’ my Quill (Pope, Imitations of Horace) (i.e. the thoughts produced in my head and the feelings of my heart are expressed in the things I write with my quill)

A

Metonymy

90
Q

Whats an oxymoron?

A

a self-contradictory combination of words or smaller verbal units; usually noun-noun, adjective-adjective, adjective-noun, adverb-adverb, or adverb-verb – a paradoxical utterance that conjoins two terms that in ordinary usage are contraries

91
Q

Whats an example for oxymoron?

A

Bittersweet, loving hate

92
Q

I will complain, yet praise; I will bewail, approve; And all my sour-sweet days I will lament
and love. (George Herbert, Bitter-Sweet)

A

Oxymoron

93
Q

Whats a paradox?

A

A daring statement which unites seemingly contradictory words buch which on closer examination proves to have unexpected meaning and truth

94
Q

Whats an example for a paradox?

A

Snail-paced in a hurry

95
Q

Dark with excessive bright

A

Paradox

96
Q

Whats a paranomasia/pun?

A

Wordplay, using words that are written or pronounced similarly or identically, but have different meanings

97
Q

Whats an example for a pun?

A

He Who lied in the chapel
Now lies in the Abbey.

98
Q

Holland […] lies so low they’re only saved by being dammed. (Thomas Hood, Up the
Rhine)
• Some folk are wise, and some are otherwise. (Smollett, Roderick Random)
• I always say beauty is only sin deep. (Saki, Reginald’s Choir Treat)
• His death, which happen’d in his berth / At forty-odd befell: They went and told the
sexton, and The sexton toll’d the bell. (Thomas Hood, Faithless Sally Brown)

A

Pun

99
Q

Whats a pejorative?

A

The use of words with disparaging connotations

100
Q

the nurse, a simpering piece of faded gentility (Dickens, Dombey and Son)

A

Pejorative

101
Q

Whats a periphrasis?

A

A descriptive word or phrase is used instead of a proper name

102
Q

Whats an example for a periphrasis

A

Fleecy people (for sheep)
Finny race (for fish)

103
Q

On one occasion […] a mighty Silurian […] chose to get his front paws over the stern of my
canoe, and endeavoured to improve our acquaintance. I had to retire to the bows, to keep the balance right, and fetch him a clip on the snout with a paddle, when he withdrew […] I should think that crocodile was eight feet long. (Mary Kingsley, Travels to West Africa)

A

Periphrasis

104
Q

Whats a personification/prosopoeia?

A

Animals, ideas, abstractions or inanimate objects are endowed with human characteristics

105
Q

And moody Madness laughing wild / Amid severest woe (Gray, Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College)

A

Personification

106
Q

Whats a simile?

A

2 things are openly compared with each other, introduced by like or as

107
Q

Whats an example for a simile?

A

My heart is like a singing bird

108
Q

Whats a synaesthesia?

A

The description of one kind of sensation in terms of another (description of sound in terms of colour: blue note; description of colour in terms of sound: loud shirt; etc.)

109
Q

The eye of man hath not heard, the ear of man hath / Not seen, man’s hand is not able to taste, his tongue / To conceive, nor his heart to report, what my dream was. (Shakespeare, Midsummer Night’s Dream)

A

Synaesthesia

110
Q

Whats a synecdoche?

A

A figure of contiguity (form of metonymy), the use of a part for the whole, or the whole for the part)

111
Q

I went into a public-‘ouse to get a pint o’beer / The publican ‘e up an’ sez, “We serve no red-coats here.” (Kipling, Tommy) (instead of ‘a soldier’, who wears a red coat)

A

Synecdoche

112
Q

Whats an understatement (meiosis)?

A

an idea is deliberately expressed as less important than it actually is; a special case of understatement is litotes, which denies the opposite of the thing that is being affirmed (sometimes used synonymously with meiosis)

113
Q

Whats an example for an understatement?

A

This is not unexciting.

114
Q

Last week I saw a woman flayed, and you will hardly believe how much it altered her appearance for the worse. (Swift, Tale of a Tub)

A

Understatement

Literary Studies (11 decks)

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