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Gross Anatomy > Mini Exam 1 > Flashcards

Mini Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

varicosities =

A

*varicose veins

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2
Q

varicosities are what type of feedback?

A
  • positive feedback
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3
Q

What is an arterial anastomosis?

A

*connection between 2 arteries or between 2 parts of the GI track

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4
Q

Where are arterial anastomosis typically found?

A

*around joints and in the gut

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5
Q

What is an acquired arterial anastomosis and what do we say?

A
  • loss of blood flow, collateral circulation has developed
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6
Q

Where does a collateral circulation never develop?

A

*kidney (end artery)

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7
Q

what is an end artery?

A

*where no collateral circulation has developed

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8
Q

Where is surgical arterial anastomosis seen?

A

*2 parts of GI tract

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9
Q

What maintains homeostasis and coordinates activities?

A

*nervous system

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10
Q

What is a cluster of neuron cell bodies in the CNS called?

A

*nuclei

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11
Q

What is a cluster of neuron cell bodies in the PNS called?

A

*ganglia

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12
Q

What system receives sensory info (mostly from the outside)?

A

*PNS

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13
Q

What system integrates/ processes information from the PNS, and forms a motor output (sends back to PNS)?

A

*CNS

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14
Q

Spinal nerves are found where? Except?

A
  • all over body

* except abdominal pelvic cavity

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15
Q

What pathway is largely carried on spinal nerves?

A

*sympathetic pathway

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16
Q

What is the sensory division also called?

A

*afferent information

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17
Q

What is the motor division also called?

A

*efferents

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18
Q

The visceral sensory division is for what type of pain?

A

*dull and poorly localized

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19
Q

Are you aware or not aware of the visceral sensory division?

A
  • not aware, unless there is a big problem

* autonomic

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20
Q

Are you aware or not aware of the somatic sensory division?

A

*aware (sight, hearing) and not aware of (joint position, proprioception)

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21
Q

What is proprioception and what division is it associated with?

A
  • brain understands tension on muscles and tendon

* somatic sensory division

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22
Q

What is the flight of fight division?

A

*sympathetic division

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23
Q

What division is for rest and digest?

A

*parasympathetic division

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24
Q

What does the visceral motor division adjust?

A
  • homeostasis to environment
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25
Q

What does the visceral motor division innervate?

A

*cardiac/ smooth muscles and glands

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26
Q

Is the visceral motor division autonomic or voluntary?

A

*autonomic, involuntary

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27
Q

What are the effectors for the somatic motor division?

A

*skeletal muscles (voluntary)

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28
Q

What is a spinal nerve?

A

*when everything (posterior parts and anterior parts) connect

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29
Q

What happens during vasodilation?

A

*fewer inputs, tends to relax

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30
Q

Where are most of the dual innervated organs found?

A

*in the abdominal pelvic cavity

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31
Q

What is the postural muscles?

A

*slow twitch muscles, lots of myoglobin and mitochondria, don’t fatigue easily

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32
Q

What is a spinal segment?

A
  • part of spinal cord to which all sensory fibers project and from which all motor fibers project of a single spinal nerve
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33
Q

Where does the posterior ramus innervate to?

A
  • motor innervations of deep back muscles
  • sensory innervations to zygopophysial joints (limit and allow motion)
  • sensory inn to skin
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34
Q

What do zygopophysical joints prone to?

A

*growths of bone (osteophytes)

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35
Q

What is the superficial layer of the back innervated by?

A

*anterior ramus

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36
Q

What is the superficial layer of the back for?

A

*move and stabilize upper limb

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37
Q

What is the intermediate layer of the back innervated by?

A

*posterior ramus

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38
Q

What is the intermediate layer of the back for?

A

*thin muscles, there for proprioception

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39
Q

What is the deep layer of the back innervated by?

A

*post ramus

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40
Q

What is the deep layer of the back for?

A

*move and stabilize vertebral column and minor muscles too (for proprioception)

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41
Q

Most muscles that move the back are innervated by?

A

*post ramus

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42
Q

What is dematomes?

A

*cut skin

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43
Q

What is the lateral attachment (LA) and medical attachment (MA)of the rhomboid?

A
  • LA: medial border of scapulae

* MA: spinous process

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44
Q

What is the MA and LA of the latissimus dorsi?

A
  • MA: thoracolumbar fascia and spinous process

* LA: proximal humerous

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45
Q

what does auscultation mean?

A

*listening to body sounds

46
Q

What is the medial inferior, and lateral border of the triangle of auscultation?

A
  • M: trapezius
  • L: rhomboid major
  • I: latissimus dorsi
47
Q

What is the floor and roof of the triangle of auscultation?

A
  • floor: deep side (thoracolumbar fascia)

* roof: superficial fascia (fat)

48
Q

What is the MA and LA and BS of the serratus posterior superior?

A
  • MA: spinous process
  • LA: angles of ribs
  • BS: dorsal scapula artery and intercostal nerve
49
Q

What is the LA and MA and BS of the serratus posterior inferior?

A
  • LA: angles of the rib
  • MA: spinous process and thoracolumbar fascia
  • BS: branches of post. intercostal artery, intercostal nerve
50
Q

What is the MA and LA and blood supply (BS) for the splenius and is innervated by?

A
  • MA: spinous process
  • SA: transverse process and skull
  • BS: occipital artery
  • innervation: dorsal ramus of spinal nerve
51
Q

What is the function of the splenius?

A

*extend neck, rotate head (unilaterally)

52
Q

What is the LA (superficial attachment) and MA (inferior attachment) and BS and innervation of the semispinalis capitis?

A
  • SA: skull and spinous process
  • IA: transverse process
  • BS: deep and cervical artery
  • innervation: post ramus of spinal nerve
53
Q

What is the function of the semispinalis capitis?

A

*extend neck

54
Q

What is the SA (LA), IA (MA), and BS and innervation of the erector spinae?

A
  • SA: angles of ribs, spinous and transverse process, and occipital lobe
  • BS: post intercostal artery
  • inn: post ramus
  • IA: thoracolumnar fascia (sacrum iliac crest and spinous process)
55
Q

What is the function of the erector spinae?

A

*extension of vertebral column

56
Q

What is the function of the serratus anterior?

A

*abducts scapula

57
Q

What is the function of the rhomboids?

A

*adducts scapula

58
Q

What is the function of the sternocleidomastoid?

A

*abducts, rotates, and flexes head

59
Q

What is the function of the splenius?

A

*extends and rotates head

60
Q

What is the function of the external and internal abdominal oblique?

A

*compresses abdominal wall, laterally rotates trunk

61
Q

What is the function of the quadratus lumborum?

A

*extends and abducts vertebral column

62
Q

What is the function of the adductor longus?

A

*adducts, flexes and laterally rotates thigh

63
Q

What is the function of the gluteus maximus and gluteus medius?

A

*abducts and medially rotates thigh

64
Q

What is the function of the rhomboid?

A
  • elevate and retract scapulae

* rotate scapulae

65
Q

What is the BS for the Rhomboids?

A

*dorsal scap artery and nerve

66
Q

What is the function of the latissimus dorsi?

A

*extend upper limb

67
Q

What is the BS for the latissimus dorsi?

A

*thorical dorsal artery and nerve

68
Q

What is the function of the levator scapulae?

A

*elevate scapulae

69
Q

What is the BS for the levator scapulae?

A

*dorsal scapulae artery

70
Q

What is the LA for the trapezius?

A

*spine of scapulae

71
Q

What is the function of the trapezius?

A

*elevate and retract/ stabilize scapulae

72
Q

What covers the entire erector spinae?

A

*thoracolumbar fascia

73
Q

Why is there blood vessels supplying the vasa nervorum?

A

*nerve is very metabolically active

74
Q

What is the enoneurium made of?

A

*connective tissue

75
Q

How are the fibers of the symp arranged and what are the neurotransmitters?

A
  • short, then long

* ACh then NE

76
Q

How are the fibers of the para arranged?

A

*long then short

77
Q

Where is the presynaptic gap in on the symp fiber?

A

*occurs in a ganglion (paravertebral and preaortic)

78
Q

Where is the pre synaptic gap in on the para fibers?

A

*near/ in target organ

79
Q

What fiber is myelinated?

A

*preganglionic symp neuron

80
Q

The somatic motor fiber is arranged how and what are its neurotransmitters?

A
  • one long one

* ACh

81
Q

What type of neurotransmitters do sweat glands use?

82
Q

What is the ratio of neurons in the symp and parasymp?

A
  • symp 1:15

* parasymp 1:1-2

83
Q

Where can post ganglionic fibers go?

A

*everywhere in the body (go up chain, or down, or stay and synapse)

84
Q

What is in the lateral horn?

A

*cell bodies

85
Q

Where do symp fibers originate from?

A

*Spinal segments T1-L2`

86
Q

What is missing above T1 and below L2?

A
  • white ramus
87
Q

What is the pathway for the sympathetic motor neuron and what are its target organs?

A
  • spinal nerve pathway

* peripheral vessels, sweat glands, arrector pili muscles

88
Q

Where do the parasympathetic motor neurons (cranial sacral division) originate from?

A
  • cranial nerve nuclei of 3,7,9,10

* spinal segments S2-S4

89
Q

What are the pathways for the parasympathetic motor neurons?

A
  • cranial nerves 3,7,9,10

* pelvic splanchnic nerves

90
Q

What are dermatomes for?

A

*can be used to tell if there is a problem in CNS or spinal nerves

91
Q

What is an innervation of a single spinal nerve?

A

*dermatomes

92
Q

pain caused by ______ is felt in the skin?

93
Q

What is referred pain?

A

*visceral pain felt in the skin

94
Q

Why is visceral pain felt in the skin?

A

*because visceral and somatic pain project to the same spinal segment

95
Q

What is a condyle?

A

*rounded articular area

96
Q

What is a crest?

A

*ridge of bone

97
Q

What is an epicondyle?

A

*eminence superior to a condyle

98
Q

What is a facet?

A

*smooth flat area, usually covered with cartilage, where a bone articulates with another bone

99
Q

What is a foramen?

A

*passage through a bone

100
Q

What is a fossa?

A

*hollow or depressed area

101
Q

What is a line (linea)?

A

*linear elevation

102
Q

What is a malleolus?

A

*rounded prominence

103
Q

What is a notch?

A

*indentation at the edge of a bone

104
Q

What is a process?

A

*projecting spine-like part

105
Q

What is a protuberance?

A

*projection of bone

106
Q

What is a spine?

A

*thorn-like process

107
Q

What is a trochanter?

A

*large, blunt elevation

108
Q

What is a tubercle?

A

*small, raised eminence

109
Q

What is a tuberosity?

A

*large, rounded elevation

110
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

*enlargement

111
Q

What is atrophy?

A

*decrease in size

112
Q

What is secondary inflammation of the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes?

A

*lymphangitis, lymphadenitis

Gross Anatomy (7 decks)

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