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Gross Anatomy > final mini exam > Flashcards

final mini exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is the superior and inferior attachment for the sternocleidomastoid?

A
  • sup: mastoid process

inf: manibrium and clavicle

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2
Q

What is the division between the anterior and posterior triangles?

A

*sternocleidomastoid

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3
Q

What is the platysma innervated by?

A
  • facial nerve
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4
Q

What does the platysma attached to?

A
  • go through superior fascia and attach to superficial fascia/skin or both and also attached to bone at the other end
  • line of mandible
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5
Q

What are the causes of a retropharyngeal abcess?

A
  • penetrating injury, dental injection, most common cause upper respiratory infection
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6
Q

Where is the retropharngeal abcess infection from?

A

*base of skull to mediastinum (bifurcation of the trachea)

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7
Q

What can happen if the retropharyngeal abcess ruptures?

A
  • go inferior to mediastinum (pericarditis)
  • go laterally into corotid sheath ( clot int jugular vein)
  • go posterior to vertebral column (dislocation of axis and atlas)
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8
Q

The investing fascia surrounds?

A

*trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

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9
Q

What is the treatment for a retropharyngeal abcess?

A
  • drain (transoral)
  • external drainage
  • antibiotics
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10
Q

What are the signs of a retropharyngeal abcess?

A

*change in voice, difficulty swallowing, swelling in back of throat, lots of upper respiratory infection

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11
Q

What can a retropharyngeal abcess get large and do?

A

*compress trachea

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12
Q

What is the hyoid hanging by?

A

*supported by muscles and ligaments

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13
Q

What is the sternocleidomastoid innervated by?

A

*spinal accessory nerve (11th cranial nerve)

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14
Q

What do the suprahyoid muscles do?

A

*elevate hyoid and larynx, depress mandible, contract floor of mouth (during swallowing)

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15
Q

What is the suprahyoid muscles innervated by?

A

*V3 (mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve, VII facial, XII hypoglossal)

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16
Q

What do the infrahyoid muscles do?

A

*depress hyoid and larynx

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17
Q

What is the infrahyoid innervated by?

A

*ansa cervicalis (C1-C3)

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18
Q

What is the biggest salivary gland?

A

*parotid gland

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19
Q

What is the parotid gland covered by?

A

*dense fascia

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20
Q

What vein buldges with tension pneumothorax and cardiac tamp?

A
  • external jugular vein
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21
Q

What kind of nerve fibers are in the nerve point of the neck?

A
  • sensory fibers

* nerves emerge from deep and go superficial

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22
Q

What does the hypoglossal nerve innervate?

A

*tongue structures

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23
Q

What artery has multiple branches?

A

*external carotid artery

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24
Q

What artery has no branches?

A

*internal carotid artery

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25
Q

What artery delivers blood to the brain?

A

*vertebral artery

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26
Q

What is the carotid body for?

A

*chemoreceptor for oxygen

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27
Q

What do the walls for the carotid sinus contain?

A

*pressure receptors to monitor BP

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28
Q

What is a common spot for atherosclerosis plaque?

A

*carotid sinus

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29
Q

What sound will you here during auscultation in someone with an atherosclerotic plaque?

A

*bruit sound

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30
Q

What does the thyroid gland regulate?

A

*metabolism, secretes calcitonin (Ca regulation)

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31
Q

What are the complications of removing the thyroid gland?

A
  • parathyroid insufficiency
  • cut recurrent laryngeal nerve
  • ima art
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32
Q

What does the parathyroid gland secrete?

A
  • parathyroid hormone (high) for blood Ca levels (increase blood Ca levels)
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33
Q

What does the thyroid gland migrate from?

A

*tissue that becomes posterior tongue

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34
Q

What is a thyroglossal duct cyst?

A

*when thyroglossal duct remains patent and forms a cyst, in midline

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35
Q

What does the synovial membrane secrete?

A

*synovial fluid (for lubrication)

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36
Q

What percent of people are missing the acetabular branch?

A

*20%

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37
Q

What supplies the head of the femur with blood?

A

*acetabular branch

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38
Q

What supplies blood to the head and neck of the femur?

A

*retinacular arteries

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39
Q

What is an avascular necrosis?

A
  • bone without blood, aseptic wasting of bone

* get artificial hip

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40
Q

How do you get avascular necrosis?

A

*break affects retinacular arteries

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41
Q

What are the signs of avascular necrosis?

A

*shorten limb, lateral rotation

42
Q

Where do most breaks occur?

A

*surgical neck

43
Q

What is a synovial joint and what is inside it?

A
  • surrounded by CT (fibrous capsule)

* lining inside is synovial membrane

44
Q

What can a dislocated head of the femur cause and how can it happen?

A
  • shorten limb and medial rotation

* hitting dash in accident

45
Q

What ligament extends the knee?

A

*anterior cruciate ligament taught

46
Q

What ligament flexes the knee?

A
  • posterior cruciate ligament taught
47
Q

What is a epicondyle?

A

*places ligaments attach to

48
Q

What do the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments restrict?

A
  • restrict anterior and posterior movement of tibia with respect to femur and allows rotation
49
Q

What is the medial meniscus and what kind of movement does it allow?

A
  • fibrocartilage C shaped

* movement little on tibial plato (attach by coronary ligaments)

50
Q

What is the medial meniscus attached to?

A

*tibial collateral ligament

51
Q

Why are the lateral meniscus and fibular collateral ligament not attached?

A

*popliteal ligament is here

52
Q

What are the signs and treatment of a popliteal aneurysm?

A
  • painless, pulse

* stent

53
Q

What are the signs of a herniated synovial membrane?

A
  • bursa

* bakers cyst

54
Q

What is bursa?

A

*enlargement from extra friction

55
Q

What is a bakers cyst and what are the treatment?

A
  • post buldge (sign), pain increase with extension, or no pain
  • drainage
56
Q

How is the anterior cruciate ligament damaged?

A

*lateral impact to knee, forceful abduction of leg

57
Q

What are the signs of a torn anterior cruciate ligament?

A
  • anterior drawer sign
  • unhappy triad (pop feel, torn ACL, medial collateral ligament rupture, meniscus tear)
  • knee tender at MCL, knee swelling
58
Q

What tear is more rare?

A

*posterior cruciate ligament

59
Q

How is the PCL torn?

A

*hard impact to knee when fully flexed

60
Q

What are the signs of a torn PCL?

A

*posterior drawer sign

61
Q

What gland can develop a tumor?

A

*parotid gland

62
Q

What does the epicranial aponeurosis glide on?

A

*guides on loose CT

63
Q

What is the motor innervation of the facial muscles?

A

*facial nerve

64
Q

Where does the facial bone emerge?

A

*Fallopian canal tunnels through bone of skull

65
Q

What is Bell’s palsy, signs and treatment?

A
  • viral infection (cause facial nerve to swell and impacts function of nerve)
  • unilateral, paralysis of facial nerve, dropping of corner of mouth
  • lots of tearing, can’t blink completely, can’t close eye
  • sudden onset, bad in 24-48 hrs, couple of wk (3-6) months all gone
  • antiinflammatory, and antiviral
66
Q

What is the most powerful crushing muscle?

A

*masseter

67
Q

What are the muscles of mastication innervated by?

A

*trigeminal nerve, 5th cranial nerve

68
Q

What are the muscles of mastication?

A

*temporalis, masseter, medial/lateral pterygoid

69
Q

What divides into sup and inferior labial arteries?

A

*facial artery

70
Q

What is the terminal branch of the facial artery?

A

*angular artery

71
Q

What kind of pain is trigeminal neuralgia and where is it found more in?

A
  • electrical pain (shocking and brief)
  • unilateral, in people over 50yrs
  • more in women
  • felt in maxillary and mandibular nerve
72
Q

What is trigeminal neuralgia triggered/caused by?

A
  • normal sensations (shaving)

* compression of vessel by root of trigeminal nerve

73
Q

What are the treatment for trigeminal neuralgia?

A

*anticonvulsants (inhibit firing of nerves), surgical decompression of nerve (insert pad between art and nerve)

74
Q

What innervates the back of the head?

A

*C1-C3

75
Q

What are the branches of the trigeminal nerve?

A

*opthalmic nerve, maxillary, mandibular

76
Q

Where does the middle meningeal artery go?

A

*through foramen spinosum (passes through pterion and can get injured)

77
Q

What is an injured middle meningeal artery called?

A

*epidural hematoma

78
Q

What is the posterior border of the middle cranial fossa?

A

*petris

79
Q

Where does the pituitary gland at?

A
  • turkish saddle

* cavernous venosus here

80
Q

What is the dural venous sinus?

A

*split dura matter in 2 layers and blood runs through

81
Q

What contains stem cells for bone?

A

*periosteum

82
Q

Why can no infection go to the top of the skull?

A

*epicranial aponeurosis and fascia of temporalis are stitched together

83
Q

Why can infection go to the scalp?

A

*anterior frontal bellies attach to skin (so infect can go to upper eyelid)

84
Q

Why do scalp injuries bleed so much when injured?

A
  • holds branches of internal/external carotid artery

* anastomatic network

85
Q

What happens when the scalp gets hit/hurt?

A
  • scalp gaps when hit (opens vessels up even more, more bleeding)
  • infection can spread all way across top of head
86
Q

What do arachnoid granulation do?

A

*reabsorb CSF and bring it back to blood

87
Q

What collects blood from the brain and meninges?

A

*inferior sagittal sinus

88
Q

What runs between the scalp and superior sagittal sinus?

A

*emissary vein

89
Q

What happens if you have an infection in emissary vein?

A
  • keep scalp open

* direct link to brain (meningitis and brain abcesses)

90
Q

What drains into the cavernous sinus?

A

*superior ophthalmic vein

91
Q

Where does the carotid art go through?

A

*cavernous sinus

92
Q

What is a straight shot into the brain?

A

*internal vertebral venous plexus

93
Q

What join to form the basilar artery?

A

*vertebral artery

94
Q

What becomes the middle cerebro artery?

A

*internal carotid artery

95
Q

What is in the cerebro arterial circle?

A
  • posterior cerebral artery
  • posterior communicating artery
  • anterior cerebral artery
  • anterior communicating artery
96
Q

What is a basal skull fracture, signs, and treatment and what can it develop?

A
  • hard enough impact (car accident)
  • dura matter tears and arachnoid can tear too, crack in skull
  • CSF rhinorrhea (runny nose)
  • can develop arteriovenous fistula (pulsating exophthalmos (buldging eye))
  • risk of meningitis and brain abcesses
  • heal spontaneous, surgically patech
97
Q

What is involved in an arteriovenous fistula?

A

*interior carotid artery and cavernous sinus

98
Q

What is the danger triangle of the face drained by?

A

*facial vein

99
Q

What can a change in pressure in the danger triangle of the face cause?

A

*blood to go to cavernous sinus

100
Q

Where is a common place of a Berry aneurysm to occur?

A

*cerebral arterial circle

Gross Anatomy (7 decks)

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