Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Gross Anatomy > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The endothoracic fascia lines what?

A

*the entire pulmonary cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do the external and innermost intercostals do?

A

*elevate the rib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the internal intercostal do?

A

*depress the rib

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What kind of space is the intercostal space?

A

*real space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the floor and roof of the intercostal space?

A
  • roof- superficial fascia

* floor-endothoracic fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Where does the posterior intercostal artery get blood from?

A

*thoracic aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does the internal thoracic artery supply blood to?

A

*anterior intercostal artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the musculophrenic artery supply blood to?

A

*inferior anterior intercostal artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where does the subcostal artery get blood from?

A

*thoracic aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How many veins are on each side?

A

*12 (11 and 1 subcostal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where do the veins end?

A

*venous system (venous blood to sup Vena Cava)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What innervates the intercostal nerves?

A

*anterior rami of T1-T12 spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the posterior ramus supply?

A

*bones, joints, deep back muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What innervates a dermatome?

A

*cutaneous sensory fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What innervates myotomes?

A

*motor fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity?

A

*potential space that allows the GI track to slip around

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the pleural line of reflection?

A

*where visceral and parietal pleura are continuous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What covers the lungs, and adherents it to all its surface?

A

*visceral pleurae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What lines the pulmonary cavities?

A

*parietal pleurae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens are the costodiaphragmatic recess?

A

*parietal pleura in contact with parietal pleura (potential space)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What has no pain receptors?

A

*visceral pleura and lung tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What do the visceral and parietal pleura have?

A

*serous membrane (secretes slippery/ capillary layer fluid to help with movement)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What moves posteriorly during expiration?

A

*sternum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens during passive expiration and what muscles are used?

A
  • no muscles used

* pull thorax wall closed, diaph relaxes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is an active process?

A

*inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What muscles are used during inspiration?

A

*sternocleido mastoid and scalenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What muscles are used for active expiration?

A

*rectus abdominus, internal and external obliques

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What innervates the diaphragm?

A

*right and left phrenic nerves (sensory and motor fibers)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What arises from the prechordal mesoderm?

A

*central tendon of diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Where do all muscles of the diaphragm insert on?

A

*central tendon of diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the central tendon of the diaphragm innervated by?

A

*phrenic nerve (C3, C4, C5)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Where would you feel an infection of the diaphragm?

A
  • referred pain on top of shoulder/side of neck

* somatic innervation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the BS to the central tendon of diaphragm?

A

*left pericardiacophrenic vein and artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the BS to the diaphragm?

A
  • right musculophrenic artery and vein

* inferior phrenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is a congenital hernia?

A
  • when the esophageal hiatus doesn’t close and the GI track develop above diaphragm
  • lungs don’t develop, because the heart is pushed up and it compressed the lungs
  • 50% survive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Where do congential hernias usually happen?

A

*left-postural lateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is longitudinal folding a result of?

A

*rapid growth of neural tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What happens during longitudinal folding?

A

*amniotic folding around embryo (except connecting stalk)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What does the connecting stalk become?

A

*umbilical cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What innervates the septum transversium?

A

*phrenic nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What innervates the pleuroperitoneal fold?

A
  • phrenic nerve

* visceral innervation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What does the septum transversum fuse with and form?

A

*pleuroperitoneal folds (separates thoracic cavity from abdominal wall)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What does the septum transversum become?

A

*CT of liver, central tendon of diaphragm, heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What kind of innervation is the peripheral edge of the diaphragm?

A

*somatic, all other parts are visceral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What does the lateral plate mesoderm split and become?

A

*body cavity (visceral and parietal layer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Why can the bronchoplumonary segments be removed?

A

*they have their own air and blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments are there?

A

*10-12 per lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is pleuritis?

A

*inflammation of the pleurae, loose slipperiness (friction goes away)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What do you hear in pleuritis?

A

*cloth rubbing together (pleural rub)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the treatment for pleuritis?

A

*antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is pleural effusion/ empyema, and what is its diagnosis and treatment?

A
  • fluid in cavity
  • lungs compressed (prevent from inflating fully)
  • x-ray or percussion (dead sound = fluid)
  • drain (thoracentesis)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What does the needle pass through in thoracentesis?

A
  • external, internal, innermost intercostal
  • costal parietal pleura
  • intercostal space (9th and 10th)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What is tension pneumothorax?

A
  • struggling to breath and pulling air in, inflate empty space
  • diaphragm push down even more, no venous return to heart (squished)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is simple pneumothorax (ataleltasis), how is it treated, and what are the symptoms?

A
  • fail to inflate
  • lungs not completely collapsed, small air in cavity
  • body takes care of it
  • dyspnea (diff breathing)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

How is chronic pulmonary collapse treated?

A
  • scaring pleura so visceral and parietal won’t separate again
  • pleurodesis (scape pleura or sprinkle irrating powder)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is pulmonary collapse and what are the symptoms?

A
  • lung won’t inflate on its own, shrinks about 1/3 size of cavity
  • acute respiratory distress, cyanosis
  • becomes a real space
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Why does pulmonary collapse happen?

A
  • spontaneous (tall, thin people)

* traumatic (injury to thoracic wall)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is a pulmonary embolism and what is it due to?

A
  • blockage in pulmonary artery

* due to blood clot, glob of fat, air bubble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What can a pulmonary embolism cause?

A
  • mild block goes unnoticed
  • large block gives dyspenea (diff breathing), acute respiratory distress, chest pain, coughing, sweating, cyanosis
  • can knock out entire lobe of lung
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What can a lung that has pulmonary embolism do?

A

*ventilate but not profusing blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What does pulmonary embolism come from and what are the risks factors?

A
  • deep vein thrombosis (thromboembolism)

* age, varicose veins, immobility, dehydration, recent surgery, poor health (smoking, obesity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What does the anterior abdominal wall do?

A
  • protects abdominal viscera

* helps in active expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What are the abdominal quadrants?

A
  • right/left upper quadrant

* right/left lower quadrant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What are the abdominal regions?

A

*epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric, left/right inguinal, left/right lumbar, left/right hypochondriac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What are the muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall?

A
  • 3 flat: external/internal oblique, transverusus abdominis

* 2 verticcle: rectus abdominis, pyramidalis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What is in the rectus sheath?

A

*deep fascis of rectus abdominus, apernosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What gives off the anterior intercostal artery?

A

*musculophrenic artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What delivers blood to abdominal wall?

A

*musculophrenic artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

What does the 10th and 11th posterior intercostal arteries deliver blood to?

A

*lateral wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

What does the inferior epigastric artery deliver blood to?

A

*post side of rectus abdominus (inferior part)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What does the superficial epigastric artery deliver blood to?

A

*anterolateral wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What does the superior epigastric artery delivery blood to?

A

*superior rectus abdominus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What innervates the thoracoabdominal nerves?

A

*anterior rami

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Where are the thoracoabdominal nerves?

A

*T7-L1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

What happens in the upper trunk of venous drainage?

A

*end up in thoracoepigastric vein, into axillary vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What happens in the lower trunk of venous drainage?

A

*end up in saphenous opening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What happens to lymph superior to the transumbilical plane?

A

*ends in axillary lymph node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

What happens to lymph inferior to the transumbilical plane?

A

*flows to superficial inguinal lymph node

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

What is a umbilical fold?

A

*where peritoneum is draped over something

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

What does the ductus deferens enter through and what is medial to it?

A
  • deep inguinal ring

* epigastric vessels medial to ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

What is fetal circulation and what happens to it?

A
  • umbilical artery under external iliac artery (blood goes sup and end up in inferior Vena Cava)
  • get filled and become ligament
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

What did the round ligament of the liver use to contain?

A

*umbilical vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

What does the lateral, medial, and median umbilical fold contain?

A
  • L: inferior epigastric artery and vein
  • medial: umbilical artery
  • median: reminiscent of development of digestive system (Urachus)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

What is in the portal triad?

A

*fresh arterial blood, blood from GI track (branch of hepatic portal vein) and bilium (bile duct)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

What is attached to the greater/lesser curvature of the stomach?

A
  • greater omentum

* L: lesser omentum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

What is in the lesser/ greater omentum?

A

*L: hepatoduodenal/ hepatogastric ligament

G: gastrophrenic/ gastrosplenic/ gastrocolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

What do the external/ internal oblique and transversus abdominis have?

A

*own anterior and posterior leaflet of deep fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

What splits the leaflets of the external/ internal oblique and transversus abdominis?

A
  • rectus abdominis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

What is the GI tract lined with?

A

*epithelium derived from endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

What are the 2 layers of smooth muscles in the GI tract?

A

*inner circular layer, and longitudinal layer (mesoderm derived)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

What is amylase for?

A

*break down carbs

92
Q

What is lipase for?

A

*break down fat

93
Q

What is the purpose of the small intestine?

A

*absorption of nutrients

94
Q

What is the purpose of the large intestine?

A

*absorption of water

95
Q

What happens in the anal canal?

A

*innervation switches from visceral to somatic

96
Q

What does the stomach have?

A

*3 irregular layers

97
Q

What is the biliary apparatus?

A

*gallbladder and various tubes leading to duodenum

98
Q

What is the esophagus made of?

A

*superior 1/3 mostly skeletal muscles, inferior 1/3 mostly smooth

99
Q

What gets added in the duodenum?

A

*acid chyme (duodenum glands secrete alkaline fluid), pancreatic juice (digestive enzymes), and bile (emulsify fat)

100
Q

Where is bile produced and stored?

A
  • P: liver

* S: gallbladder

101
Q

What is gastric mucosa?

A

*lining of stomach, secretes gastric juice (hydrochloric acid)

102
Q

What is acidchyme?

A

*gastric juice and food

103
Q

What kind of input is the Vagus nerve?

A

*parasympathetic input

104
Q

What provides sympathetic input to the 2 plexus?

A

*abdominopelvic splanchnic nerve pathway

105
Q

What are the 2 plexus in the GI tract?

A

*submucosal and myenteric plexus

106
Q

How can you get esophageal cancer?

A

*if gastric content bubble up through the diaphragm

107
Q

What is retroperitonum?

A

*Big portion behind peritoneum

108
Q

What is the BS of the GI tract?

A

*celiac trunk, superior/ inferior mesenteric artery

109
Q

What is it called if the small intestine hangs from it?

A

*mesentery

110
Q

What is it called if the large intestine hangs from it?

A

*transverse mesocolon

111
Q

What supplies the foregut, midgut, and hindgut?

A
  • F: celiac trunk
  • M: sup. mesenteric artery
  • H: inf mesenteric artery
112
Q

What is the foregut?

A

*distal esophagus to middle of duodenum

113
Q

What is the midgut?

A

*distal half of duodenum to splenic flexure (transverse colon- descending colon)

114
Q

What is the hindgut?

A

*spenic flexure to anal canal

115
Q

WHat are the branches of the celiac trunk?

A

*comon hepatic, left gastric and splenic

116
Q

What is the BS to the liver and duodenum?

A

*common hepatic artery

117
Q

What is the BS to the lesser curvature of the stomach?

A

*left gastric artery

118
Q

What supplies blood to the rectum and sigmoid colon and superior half of the anal canal?

A

*superior rectal artery

119
Q

Where is there an anastamosis between in the GI tract?

A

*superior and inferior mesenteric artery

120
Q

What are the 4 main veins of the hepatic portal system?

A

*hepatic portal, splenic, superior and inferior mesenteric

121
Q

What are the minor veins of the hepatic portal system?

A

*left gastric veins

122
Q

What is the setup of the hepatic portal system?

A

*artery, capillary bed in wall of GI, portal veins, capillary bed in liver

123
Q

What kind of blood is in the first and 2nd capillary bed?

A
  • 1: oxygen rich, nutrient poor blood

* 2: oxygen poor, nutrient rich

124
Q

What collects bile?

A

*left/right hepatic duct

125
Q

WHat are the contents of the hepatoduodenal ligament (portal triad)?

A

*bile duct, hepatic artery proper, hepatic portal vein

126
Q

What is serosis of the liver?

A
  • death of hepatocytes and replacement with fat and CT

* blocks branches of hepatic portal vein (can cause collateral circulation)

127
Q

What is the cause and treatment of serosis of the liver?

A
  • cause: alcoholism

* treatment: liver transplant, portosystemic shunts

128
Q

What drains the blood to the round ligament of the liver?

A

*para-umbilical veins

129
Q

What is esophageal varacies and what are the symptoms and treatment?

A
  • varicose veins in esophagus
  • black/ tarry stool
  • fatal
  • cauterize
130
Q

What can varacies in the umbilicus cause and what is it also called?

A
  • blue veins around umbilicus

* caput medusae

131
Q

What divides the anal canal into the visceral and somatic innervation?

A

*pectinate line

132
Q

What do varacies in the wall of the rectum or anal canal cause?

A

*hemorrhoids

133
Q

What is the symptoms superior and inferior to the pectinate line?

A
  • s: right red blood in stool

* I: hurt/itch

134
Q

What do neural crest cells make?

A

*PNS and gut tube (make ganglia)

135
Q

What can remain in falciform ligament and lesser omentum?

A

*ventral mesentery

136
Q

What buds off the foregut?

A

*trachea, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

137
Q

What does visceral mesoderm become?

A

*2 layers of smooth muscle (inner circular and longitudinal )

138
Q

What is the yolk sac lined with?

A

*endoderm

139
Q

What is lateral folding the formation of?

A

*embryonic body cavity

140
Q

What does the yolk sac become?

A

*epithelium that lines GI track and things that bud off

141
Q

What happens if the dorsal mesentery remains or disappears?

A
  • R: greater omentum, transverse colon

* D: GI tract up again wall (called 2nd retroperitoneal)

142
Q

What organs are secondary retroperitneal?

A

*ascending/descending colon and esophagus

143
Q

What is the vitelline duct incorporated into?

A

*umbilical cord (proximal part)

144
Q

What does longitudinal folding cause?

A

*things to move to more definitive position

145
Q

What remains in contact with the yolk sac?

A

*midgut

146
Q

What is temporary incorporated into the umbilical cord?

A

*allantois

147
Q

Where does the allantois form?

A

*apex of bladder

148
Q

What happens when allantois remains and disappears?

A
  • R: Urchus,

* D:causes median umbilical fold

149
Q

What happens at week 4 of embryo development?

A

*establishment of gut regions, gut BS, foregut derivatives bud off

150
Q

When the stomach turns 90 degrees the greater/lesser omentum goes which way?

A
  • G: left

* L: Right

151
Q

Where does most of the rotation happen?

A

*midgut

152
Q

What is the gut tube suspended by?

A

*dorsal mesentery

153
Q

What happens at week 5?

A

*midgut loop

154
Q

Where does the gut rotate around and which way?

A

*axis of s. mesenteric artery (counterclock wise)

155
Q

What does the cranial loop and caudal loop become?

A
  • cranial: most of small intestine

* caudal: most of large intestine

156
Q

What happens at week 6?

A
  • physiological herniation (midgut loop herniates through umbilical cord)
  • 90 degree counterclockwise rotation around viteline duct
157
Q

What happens at weeks 10-11?

A
  • retraction of physiological herniation
  • midgut loop returns to abdominalpelvic cavity (turns another 180 degrees)
  • vitelline duct disappears
158
Q

Where is the Vitelline duct attached to?

A

*proximal to illeocecal junction

159
Q

What is left sided colon and what can it cause?

A
  • final 180 degree turn doesn’t happen

* GI tract more free than should be, parts of GI tract can wrap around itself (can impede peristalsis (Vovulus)

160
Q

What is reversed rotation?

A

*clockwise rotation

161
Q

What is atresia and stenosis and what is it due to?

A
  • A: part of GI tract doesn’t form due to a twist and blood can’t get there
  • S: narrowing
162
Q

What can stretching of the walls of the GI tract cause?

A

*visceral pain (very painful)

163
Q

What does Meckel’s diverticulum contain?

A

*gastric mucosa

164
Q

What are some diseases that are caused by failure of closure of the ventral body wall?

A
  • omphalocoele
  • gastroschisis
  • omphalocoele
165
Q

What is Omphalocoele and what can it cause?

A
  • failure of midgut loop to return

* high mortality (cause cardiac abnormalities)

166
Q

What is gastroschisis?

A
  • reherniates back out because of weakness around umbilicus

* high survival rate

167
Q

What is congenital aganglionic megacolon caused by?

A
  • failure of myenteric plexus to form (can’t perform peristalsis)
  • muscles can breakdown
168
Q

Where does congenital aganglionic megacolon happen at?

A

*distal GI tract, distal rectum (where plexus didn’t form)

169
Q

How do you treat congenital aganglionic megacolon?

A

*remove part that doesn’t work

170
Q

What can happen if the vitelline duct remains?

A

*form cyst, vitelline fistula or ileal diverticulum (Meckel diverticulum)

171
Q

What is vitelline fistula, signs and treatment?

A
  • opening between GI tract and umbilical
  • poop comes out of umbilicus
  • just tie it off
172
Q

What is a fistula?

A

*abnormal connection between organd and outside or organ and organ

173
Q

What is the floor, roof, anterior, posterior, and lateral borders of the mediastum?

A
  • F: diaphragm
  • R: superior thoracic aperture
  • A: sternum and costal cartilage
  • P: mediastinum pleural
174
Q

What is the level of the ascending/descending aorta?

A

*sternal angle

175
Q

What does the phrenic nerve innervate and what is its position?

A
  • inn area around central tendon of diaphragm

* stuck to fibrous pericardium, ant. to root of lung, sensory fibers

176
Q

Where does the Vagus nerve fun and what are the inputs?

A
  • runs post to root of lung

* parasymp. inputs

177
Q

What is fibrous pericardium attached to and surround?

A

*attach to central tendon of diaphragm and surrounds heart and blend into roots of great vessels

178
Q

Why can you only have a small amount of fluid in peric. cavity before it kills you?

A

*fibrous per. cannot stretch

179
Q

What is hemopericardium?

A
  • heart cannot fill properly
  • take care immed. or die
  • can cause cardiac tamponade
180
Q

What is a sign of tension pneumothorax?

A

*distended jugular veins

181
Q

What causes hemopericardium?

A

*leak from trauma to chest, damaged heart from myocardio infarction, pluged drainage tube after heart surgery

182
Q

What is cardiac tamponade and what are the signs?

A
  • heart compression
  • hypotension, cyanosis, pulseless electrical activity (can’t feel pulse), distended jugular veins, rapid weak pulse, diminished heart sounds
183
Q

What is the treatment for hemopericardium?

A

*pericardiocentesis

184
Q

How is pericardiocentesis done?

A
  • go through bare area of pericardium (5th or 6th space between rib) and get blood/pus out
  • parasternal approach
185
Q

What are the 3 circuits of the heart?

A
  • pulmonary (pressure from R side)
  • systemic (pressure from L side)
  • coronary
186
Q

What are the pericardial sinuses?

A
  • transverse pericardial sinus

* oblique pericardial sinus

187
Q

Where can you clamp the pulmonary trunk and aorta during surgery to cut off BS?

A

*transverse pericardial sinus

188
Q

What is a different expectation for coronary circulation?

A
  • Left coronary artery gives rise to the posterior interventricular branch
  • LCA dominant
189
Q

What is normal coronary circulation?

A

*RCA and LCA share equally in BS

190
Q

What is atherosclerosis and what can it result in?

A
  • starts as fatty deposits, plaque forms over

* myocardial infection

191
Q

Where do most coronary artery occlusions occur and how do you fix it (describe)?

A
  • proximal part of AIV
  • coronary arterial bypass (use artery)
  • balloon angioplasty (use stent to hold open)
192
Q

WHere does the ligamentum arteriosum run?

A

*between pulmonary trunk and arch or aorta

193
Q

What is a volvulus?

A
  • twisting of GI tract
  • visceral/ dull pain, but intense
  • diagnosis with imagining
194
Q

What is esophageal atresia and what is it caused by, signs?

A
  • failure of recanalization (opens up again)
  • caused by too much tissue on trachea side and not enough on esophagus side
  • baby can’t feet, vomit, foaming white stuff in mouth/nose, baby swallow air (distended stomach)
195
Q

How often do esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula happen?

A

*1 in 3000 to 1 in 5000 babies

196
Q

How do you treat esophageal atresia?

A

*resect, long gap atresia repair (pull and esophagus lengthens)

197
Q

What is an ulcer and what are the types and what are they caused by?

A
  • eroding in gastric lining
  • caused by helicobacter pylori
  • peptic, duodenum, and gastric ulcer
198
Q

What causes ulcers?

A

*smoking, alcohol, stress

199
Q

What can gastric ulcers put you at risk for and where is the pain?

A
  • around xiphoid

* hemorrhage

200
Q

How do you diagnosis an ulcer?

A

*endoscope, x-ray, breath/blood/stool test

201
Q

Where is the pain for duodenum ulcers felt?

A

*in skin over liver

202
Q

What are the tissues?

A
  • visceral pericardium (epicardium)
  • myocardium
  • endocardium
203
Q

What is in the visceral pericardium and what is it continuous with?

A
  • serous layer and underlining fat

* cont. with tunica externa

204
Q

What is in the myocardium and what is it continuous with?

A
  • cardiac myocytes

* contin with tunica media

205
Q

What has their own intrinsic rhythm?

A

*cardiac myocytes

206
Q

What is the endocardium continuous with?

A

*tunica intima

207
Q

What is the Fossa Ovalis?

A

*remnant of oval foramen (blood from RA to LA, bypass lung)

208
Q

What is the SA node?

A
  • pacemaker
209
Q

What is in the RA?

A

*column of muscle in wall (pectinate part) and smooth part

210
Q

What does the crista terminalis divide?

A

*part of smooth muscle and muscles in wall

211
Q

What is the smooth part and other part from?

A
  • S: vessels

* embryonic heart wall

212
Q

What is the interventricular septum?

A

*mostly muscle, sup part is CT (membranous portion)

213
Q

What is the membranous portion part of?

A

*fibrous skeleton

214
Q

What is rheumatic fever?

A

*strep to heart, can effect valves and heart tissues

215
Q

What is in the atrialventricular septum?

A

*fibrous skeleton of heart (support valves)

216
Q

What are the functions of the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

A
  • forms membranous interatrial septum
  • supports opening of valves
  • electrically insulates atria and ventricles
  • tunnel for electrical signal to go through
  • membranous part of IV septum
217
Q

How are the walls of the heart in diastole, atrial systole, ventricular systole?

A
  • D: relaxed

* A and V: contraction

218
Q

Where does the conducting system of heart originate and influenced by?

A
  • O: nodes

* I: autonomic nervous system

219
Q

What is the conducting system of the heart?

A

*SA node, AV node, AV bundle, R and L bundle branches, purkinje fibers

220
Q

What are 5 adaptations for bypassing fetal lungs, liver?

A

*Ductus arteriosus, oval foramen and valve, ductus venosus, umbilical vein, umbilical arteries

221
Q

What does the lung have?

A

*high resistance to blood flow (LA blood pressure is low)

222
Q

What is the former ductus arteriosus?

A

*ligamentum arteriosum

223
Q

What is the former oval foramen and valve?

A

*fossa ovalis

224
Q

What is the former ductus venosus?

A

*ligamentum teres

225
Q

What is the former umbilical vein?

A

*round ligament of the liver

226
Q

What is the former umbilical arteries?

A

*medial umbilical ligaments

Gross Anatomy (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions