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Gross Anatomy > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is neuropathy?

A

*pathology of nerves, pain (paresthesia, anesthesia) that you feel that results from damage to nerve compressed

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2
Q

What type of damage causes neuropathy?

A

*compressed nerve or viral infection to nerve

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3
Q

What is neuropathy a result of?

A

*incorrect signal to brain that makes it think its pain (brain interprets it as pain)

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4
Q

What type of pain is neuropathy?

A

*often deep pain

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5
Q

What are dermatomes involved in?

A

*outbreaks of certain diseases

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6
Q

How do people get shingles/ where does the virus live?

A

*they had chicken pox and then the virus migrated into axons of spiral nerves and live there in the spinal ganglion

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7
Q

At what age do people get shingles?

A

*40’s to early 50s

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8
Q

What can shingles lead to?

A

*blindness on face or 2nd bacteria infection (rare)

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9
Q

How can you cure shingles?

A
  • resolve in number of weeks, can take antiviral

* zostavex vaccine available

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10
Q

What is post herpetic neuroigia?

A

*pain remains after shingle sores go away (13% or people)

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11
Q

Can you get shingles more than once?

A

*yes, but not common

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12
Q

What cushions the spinal cord?

A

*cerebrospinal fluid

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13
Q

What is inside the vertebral canal?

A

*spinal cord

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14
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

*L2 vertebral level

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15
Q

What is held in the lumbar enlargement?

A

*cell bodies of motor neurons

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16
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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17
Q

Where can variation in the number of spinal nerve occur?

A

*sacral region

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18
Q

What is a peripheral nerve?

A

*every spinal nerve

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19
Q

What is a spinal nerve?

A

*somatic motor and sensory and visceral motor (has al of these)

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20
Q

What is a named nerve?

A

*fibers from different spinal segments (ex. Thoracolumbar nerve)

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21
Q

Where is the Dural Sac located?

A

*L2-S2

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22
Q

What is a plexus?

A

*fibers from different spinal segments that blend together

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23
Q

What are the 4 plexus of spinal nerves?

A

*cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral

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24
Q

Where is the cervical plexus located?

A

*C1-C4

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25
Q

Where is the brachial plexus located?

A

*C5-T1

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26
Q

Where is the lumbar plexus located?

A

*L1-L4

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27
Q

Where is the sacral plexus located?

A

*L4-S4

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28
Q

What fluid is in the lumbar cistern?

A

*cerebrospinal fluid

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29
Q

Where does the lumbar cistern go to?

A

*S2

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30
Q

Where do the cervical and lumbar plexus emerge from?

A

*cervical enlargement and lumbar enlargement

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31
Q

What is the cauda equine?

A

*spinal nerve roots (from lumbar and sacral part)

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32
Q

What is the Pia mater bound to and how thick is it?

A
  • tightly bound to neural tissues

* 1-2 cell layers thick

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33
Q

What are meninges?

A

*CT coverings of CNS

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34
Q

Where is CSF made?

A

*in ventricle of brain in choroid plexus

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35
Q

Where does CSF circulate?

A

*in sub-arachnoid place and gets reclaimed in A. granulations

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36
Q

What blends into the epineuron?

A

*dural root sheath

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37
Q

What covers the arachnoid space and is where CSF flows (circulates around)?

A

*arachnoid trabeculae

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38
Q

What is the Dura-arachnoid interface (subdural space)?

A

*potential space (empty) or fluid can fill it up (real space)

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39
Q

What does the dura mater cover?

A
  • very tough, doesn’t stretch much

* covers entire spinal cord and wraps it in dural sheath

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40
Q

What does the dura mater flare and attach to?

A
  • bump of intervertebral foramen

* attached inside vertebral column

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41
Q

How is the spinal cord held?

A

*lateral by denticulate ligaments

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42
Q

What is the dura mater tightly bound to?

A

*bone (anchored to skull)

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43
Q

What is the BS to the spinal cord?

A

*spinal artery (1 anterior and 2 posterior)

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44
Q

The spinal branch ends as?

A
  • radicular artery

* segmental medullary artery

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45
Q

What does the radicular artery supply blood to?

A

*spinal nerves of cell and spinal cord proper

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46
Q

What supplies the spinal branches of the thoracic region?

A

*posterior intercostal artery

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47
Q

What supplies blood to the spinal branches of the cervical region?

A

*vertebral artery, ascending cervical and deep cervical

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48
Q

What supplies the blood to the spinal branches of the lumbar region?

A
  • lumbar artery

* median sacral artery

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49
Q

What supplies the blood to the spinal branches of the sacral region?

A

*lateral sacral artery

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50
Q

What is the filum terminal externum part of and what does it anchor?

A

*end of dural sac, anchores it to the coccyx

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51
Q

What is in the filum terminal internum?

A

*pia mater, and neural tissue

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52
Q

What does the vertebral column do?

A

*takes weight of head and upper limb and distributes it to vertebrae, protects spinal cord, restrict/allow movement

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53
Q

How many vertebrae are there?

A

*33

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54
Q

What is the curvature of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral region?

A
  • C: convex
  • T: concave anteriorly
  • L: convex
  • S: concave
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55
Q

Only primary curvatures are?

A

*concave

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56
Q

What are primary curvature due to?

A

*wedge shape of vertebrae (concave anteriorly)

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57
Q

What are secondary curvature due to?

A

*different growths of vertebrae disk (anterior vs posterior parts

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58
Q

Convex anteriorly is called?

A

*Lordosis

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59
Q

Where is excessive kyphosis typically found and due to?

A
  • thoracic spine in elderly women

* due to osteoporosis

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60
Q

Where/what is excessive lordosis typically found?

A
  • ant. pelvic tilt
  • found in obese people (who lack muscle tone in abdominal)
  • temporarily found in pregnancy
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61
Q

What is scoliosis and what causes it?

A
  • left or right slant of spine

* hemivertebrae and imbalance in muscle tone (myopathic)

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62
Q

What are the parts of the vertebral foramen?

A

*pedicle, lamina, and post. body

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63
Q

What are some things that compress spinal nerves and where are they found?

A
  • osteophytes, herniated disk, osteoporosis

* zygopophyseal joing

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64
Q

Where do spinal nerves originate?

A

*intervertebral foramen

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65
Q

What passes through the intervertebral foramen?

A

*spinal branches, fibers that innervate zygopophyseal joing, DRG

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66
Q

What limits spinal flexion?

A
  • ligamentum flavum

* longitudinal ligament

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67
Q

The nucleus pulposus is?

A

*85% water

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68
Q

What is a fibrocartilage joint?

A

*intervertebral disc

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69
Q

What is more than half of the vertebrae covered in?

A

*anterior longitudinal ligament

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70
Q

What is the anterior longitudinal ligament and what does it limit and cover?

A
  • heavy band of CT
  • limit of extension
  • covers IVD, keeps it from failing
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71
Q

Where are the interspinous/ supraspinous ligaments heaviest in and what do they do?

A
  • cervical region

* limit flexion

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72
Q

The pelvic girdle is there for?

A

*stability, not designed to move freely though

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73
Q

What links the anterior most halves of hip bone?

A

*pubic symphysis

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74
Q

What is the anterior part of the thigh for?

A

*flex hip, extend knee

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75
Q

What is the medial part of the thigh for?

A

*adduction of lower limb

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76
Q

What is the posterior part of the thigh for?

A

*extend hip, flex knee

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77
Q

What does the gluteal region do?

A
  • abduct lower limb
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78
Q

What holds down the tendons of dorsiflexors?

A

*retinacula

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79
Q

The sciatic nerve is divided into 2 division?

A

*fibular and tibial

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80
Q

What are the BS of the medial comp. of thigh?

A

*obturator artery, and perforating art

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81
Q

What is the name of an artery that enters a bone?

A

*nutrient artery

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82
Q

What is the regional BS of the spinal cord?

A

*lumbar artery

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83
Q

The internal and external vertebral venous plexus goes from?

A

*sacrum to large veins (in. dural venous sinus) in skull

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84
Q

What drains the brain?

A

*int. dural venous sinus

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85
Q

What is a valveless network of veins that is probably how prostate cancer spreads to the brain?

A

*int. dural venous sinus

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86
Q

Where can you access the sacral hiatus route?

A

*S4-S5

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87
Q

What is the route the needle travels during a lumbar puncture?

A

*interspinous route (midline route)

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88
Q

Where does the spinal cord end in most people?

A

*L2

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89
Q

Where should you do a lumbar puncture and where can it never be above?

A
  • L3 or L4

* L2 or above

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90
Q

Why would you obtain a sample of CSF?

A

*check for infection, diagnosis sub arachnoid hemorrhage, and check pressure

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91
Q

Where would you introduce epidural anesthetic?

A

*into lumbar cisterne or in around nerve roots (cauda equine, into fat)

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92
Q

What are the risks of a lumbar puncture?

A
  • epidural hematoma (can cause sensory deficit)

* subdural hematoma (in potential space or real space, sensory or motor deficit)

93
Q

What do you go through during a lumbar puncture to take out CSF and inject anesthesia?

A

*dura

94
Q

During a herniated disk, what can the nucleus pulposus do?

A

*blast into vertebral body

95
Q

What is the typical herniated disk?

A

*postural lateral

96
Q

What can a herniated disk cause?

A

*sensory and motor deficit (pinches both roots)

97
Q

Why do disk herniate?

A
  • degeneration of disk with age (height decreases)

* traumatic (accident, lift and twist)

98
Q

Where do most herniated disk happen?

A

*in cervical and lumbar spine (L4-L5 disk, and L5-S1 disk)

99
Q

What are the symptoms of the herniated disks?

A
  • cervical and lumbar pain (intensify when cough and sneeze)

* neuralgia, numbness, pain, pins and needles

100
Q

If the IV disc L4/L5 is herniated what does it affect?

A

*L5 nerve root

101
Q

If the IV disc L5/S1 is herniated what does it affect?

A

*S1 nerve root

102
Q

What are the treatments for herniated disk?

A
  • nothing (goes away in 6-8 weeks)
  • antinflamatory, cortisone injection
  • spinal fusion (helps 50%)
  • framamectomy- grind out vertebral foramen so its large
103
Q

How many hip bones do we have until puberty?

A

*3

104
Q

What attaches to the ischial tuberosity?

A

*sacral tuberous ligament

105
Q

What holds the lesser sciatic notch?

A

*sacral spinous

106
Q

What are lined up on the hip bone?

A

*ASIS and pubic tubercle

107
Q

What are the artery/vein/nerve of the gluteal region?

A

*superior/inferior gluteal artery/vein/nerve

108
Q

What is the innervation of the superior gluteal nerve?

A

*sup. glut max, med, min, and tensor of fascia

109
Q

What delivers blood to the superior gluteal nerve?

A

*superior gluteal artery

110
Q

What is the innervation of the inferior gluteal nerve?

A

*inferior glut max

111
Q

What delivers blood to the inferior gluteal nerve?

A

*inferior gluteal artery

112
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve arise from?

A

*L4 to S4 (lumbarsacral plexis)

113
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve emerge from?

A

*inferior to piriformis

114
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve split at?

A

*popliteal region

115
Q

What is the main hip abductor and keeps the hips level?

A

*glut medius

116
Q

What is an inconstant muscle?

A

*not everyone has them

117
Q

What are the superficial muscles of the gluteal region?

A

*glut. max, med, tensor fascia

118
Q

What do the superficial muscles of the gluteal region do?

A

*extend hip, laterally rotate hip, abduct hip (glut med, glut min, and tensor fascia)

119
Q

What do the deep muscles of the gluteal region do?

A
  • lateral rotators of hip

* often fused

120
Q

What are the muscles of the deep muscles of the gluteal region?

A

*piriformis, sup gemellus, inf gemellus, quadratus femoris

121
Q

What do 12% of people have and what is it blamed for?

A
  • fibular division separates and pierces the piriformis

* blamed for piriformis syndrome

122
Q

What do fewer than 1% of people have?

A

*fibular division superior to piriformis

123
Q

What do 87% of people have?

A

*fibular division below the piriformis

124
Q

What is sciatica?

A

*neuropathy of the path itself (from L4 to S4)

125
Q

Where is Sciatica felt?

A

*pain in butt that goes down posterior thigh and can go down to foot

126
Q

What can sciatica cause?

A

*foot drop

127
Q

How is sciatica diagnosed?

A

*straight leg raise

128
Q

What causes sciatica?

A
  • lumbar disc trauma/degeneration
  • piriformis syndrome
  • idiopathic (don’t know what causes it)
  • improper intergluteal injection
129
Q

What are the treatment of Sciatica?

A
  • do nothing (go away in 6-8 weeks)
  • antiinflamatory
  • surgical alt (discectomy, remove bulge part of disc)
  • spinal fusion (space out vertebrae)
  • stenosis (narrowing of passageway )
130
Q

What happens if you hit the sciatic nerve during a intragluteal injection?

A
  • damage nerve

* destroys axons and glia cells

131
Q

What is an improper intragluteal injection also called?

A

*accidental interneural injection (most common injury)

132
Q

What are the signs and symp of hiting the sciatic nerve?

A
  • pain and numbness
  • felt in whole projection of sciatic nerve
  • difficulty walking, foot drop
133
Q

What is foot drop?

A

*can’s dorsiflex the foot

134
Q

What are the treatment after hitting the sciatic nerve?

A
  • immediate surgical correction
  • neurosis- cut nerve and flood drug out
  • transacral nerve block (to help with pain)
135
Q

What is gluteus medius paralysis?

A

*hip drops from opp side of injury

136
Q

How do people with a gluteus medius paralysis compensate?

A

*gluteal gate- swing leg out as walk

137
Q

What is a trendelengurg sign?

A

*dropping of hip

138
Q

What is held by the rotator cuff muscles?

A

*glenohumeral join (shoulder joint)

139
Q

What is the elbow joint like?

A
  • a hinge joint

* almost like bone to bone joint that locks

140
Q

What is the glenohumeral joint like?

A

*planar and ball joint

141
Q

What is the elbow joint for?

A

*stability, but not a lot of movement

142
Q

What kind of fascia is at the wrist?

A

*flexor/extensor retnaculae

143
Q

What is the anterior compartment of the arm?

A

*flexor compartment

144
Q

What is the BS and innervation of the anterior part of the arm?

A
  • BS: brachial art

* inn: musculocutaneous nerve

145
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm?

A

*brachialis, coracoid brachialis, and biceps brachii

146
Q

What does the posterior compartment of the arm?

A

*extensor of elbow

147
Q

What is the BS and inn of the posterior compartment of the arm?

A
  • BS deep art of arm

* inn: radial nerve

148
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior comp. of the arm?

A

*triceps brachii (3 heads)

149
Q

What is the BS and inn of the anterior part of the forearm?

A
  • BS: radial and ulnar art

* inn ulnar and median nerves

150
Q

What does the anterior part of the forearm do?

A

*flexor and pronator

151
Q

What does the posterior part of the forearm do?

A

*extensor

152
Q

What is the BS and inn of the posterior part of the forearm?

A
  • BS: post interosseous art

* inn: radial nerve

153
Q

What is lymphedema?

A

*removing lymph nodes

154
Q

How does lymph flow and where does it end up?

A
  • to trunk

* ends up in axillary lymph nodes (collect from pectoral region)

155
Q

Where does the radial nerve run close to?

A

*humerus

156
Q

What does the ulnar nerve innervate?

A

*muscles of forearm and hand

157
Q

What is the innervation of the musculocutaneous nerve?

A
  • motor innervation

* cutaneous inn to lateral forearm

158
Q

What is the innervation of the median nerve?

A
  • motor inn to forearm and hand

* superficial in elbow

159
Q

What are the lateral and medial rotator of the scapular region?

A
  • L: teres minor

* M: teres major

160
Q

What are the rotator cuff muscles?

A

*subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor

161
Q

What do mesenchyme cells do and can convert to?

A
  • loosely organized
  • migrate to different parts of body
  • can convert to epithelium
162
Q

What is differential gene expression also called?

A

*differential cell lineage

163
Q

What is transduction?

A

*when an external signal is changed to an internal signal

164
Q

What is paracrine?

A

*diffuse over short distance

165
Q

What is juxtacrine?

A
  • signal doesn’t leave cell membrane
166
Q

What can transduction be?

A

*mechanical (stretch or squish) or it can be electrical

167
Q

What is a paracrine morphogen?

A

*shape changer

168
Q

What does a nodocord release and induce?

A

*a sign and induces tissues above it to roll up in a tube which becomes brain and spinal cord

169
Q

What is induction?

A

*chem signal of some cells influence the rate of nearby cells (often are reciprocal)

170
Q

What is a ligand?

A

*signal

171
Q

What are the signaling gene families?

A
  • hedgehog (nerv and vert column)
  • TGF (transforming growth factor)
  • WNT (wingless and integrated)
  • FGF (fibroblast growth factor)
  • neurotransmitter (serotonin)
172
Q

When is the embryo most likely to get a malformation?

A

*week 3-8 (embryogenesis)

173
Q

What are the causes of malformation during pregnancy?

A
  • environmental things (teratogens)

* alcohol, VPA (acts like estrogen), drugs, plant toxins, charred meat, poor diet

174
Q

What are the big events in embryogenesis?

A

*formation of the blastocyst, bilaminar germ disc, trilaminar disc, and nervous system

175
Q

What are the 3 germ layers and what are they derived from?

A
  • sensing layer (ectoderm)

* movement layer (mesoderm) *absorbing layer (endoderm)

176
Q

What does the sensing layer give rise to?

A

*epidermis and derivatives, melanocytes, facial skelet.

177
Q

What does the sensing layer become?

A

*nervous system and enamel of teeth, adrenal medulla

178
Q

What does the movement layer give rise to?

A

*muscle, bone, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, fascia, urogenital system, membrane lining the body cavity, blood and immune cells

179
Q

What does the endoderm give rise to?

A

*lining of gut, accessory organs of gut (liver), glands lining GI tract

180
Q

Why do half of blastocyst not implant?

A

*chromosomal abnormalities

181
Q

What is everything we recognize as us?

A

*inner cell mass

182
Q

What is trophoblast?

A

*tissues that contact mother, placenta

183
Q

What do trophoblast differentiate into and when does it happen ?

A
  • syncytrotrophoblast
  • cytotrophoblast
  • week 2
184
Q

The inner cell mass turns into?

A

*epiblast and hypoblast

185
Q

What does the epiblast become and give rise to and when?

A
  • amniotic cavity and gives rise to “derm” layers

* week 3

186
Q

What forms in the yolk sac?

A

*first blood cells and gomads

187
Q

What does the hypoblast become?

A

*yolk sac

188
Q

What cavities form in week 2?

A
  • chorionic cavity

* amniotic cavity

189
Q

What do you have at the end of week 2?

A

*head and tail end

190
Q

What is the future mouth and anus of the fetus?

A
  • A: cloacal membrane

* M: oropharyngeal membrane (buccopharyngeal membrane)

191
Q

What is the primitive streak induced and maintained by?

A

*NODAL from TGFB

192
Q

What is gastrulation and how long does it last and when does it happen?

A
  • stomach making, start with bilaminar germ disk and end with trilaminar germ disk
  • last 2 weeks, happens in week 3
  • epiblast cells migrate toward primitive streak and they drop through it, makes 3 layer (mesoderm)
193
Q

Where don’t mesoderm go?

A

*oropharyngeal and cloacal membrane, goes everywhere else

194
Q

What happens in week 3?

A
  • gastrulation
  • neural crest cells migrate to form PNS
  • somite development
  • get 3 layers and cavities

*primitive streak disappears

195
Q

What is a precursor to vertebrae, covering of deep back muscles and skin?

A

*somites

196
Q

What induces neurulation (formation of neural tube)?

A

*induction of notochord

197
Q

What becomes the brain and spinal cord?

A

*neural tube

198
Q

What happens during neurulation?

A
  • begins in week 3, ends week 4

* rolls up and pinches off into a tube (has ectoderm on top)

199
Q

What chemical sign induces neurulation?

A

*sonic hedgehog

200
Q

When is the critical period for the nervous system?

A

*week 3-11

201
Q

What does the neural crest go from?

A

*epithelium cells to mesenchyme cells

202
Q

What is the inducer of the prefrontal brain?

A

*prechordal mesoderm

203
Q

What does the prechordal plate mesoderm become?

A

*heart and central tendon of diaphragm

204
Q

What becomes somites?

A

*paraxine mesoderm

205
Q

What does the intermediate mesoderm become?

A

*urogenital structures

206
Q

What does the lateral plate mesoderm become?

A

*lining of body cavity

207
Q

What does the extraembryonic mesoderm become?

A

*surrounds yolk sac and becomes part of umbilical cord

208
Q

When does the cranioneural pore and caudal neuro pore close?

A
  • CR: day 25

* CA: day 28

209
Q

What causes somite differentiation?

A

*signals from notochord

210
Q

What does the dorsal part of somites and ventral and middle part become?

A
  • D: deep back muscles
  • V: trunk muscles
  • M: dermis
211
Q

What does sclerotome become?

A

*vertebrae and migrate around neural tube and meninges

212
Q

What is Raschisis and what does it lead to?

A
  • meninges don’t form prop
  • anencephaly (not enough tissue in brain)
  • amniotic fluid destroys neural tissue
213
Q

What is spina bifida occulta?

A
  • post vertebrae don’t form ( vertebral foramen not complete)
  • sometimes with cutaneous market
214
Q

What is spina bifida cystica?

A
  • development of sac or disk

* meninges herniate outside V. canal

215
Q

What is meningocoele and where is it most common?

A
  • part of neural tissues is herniated outside V. canal

* most common in lumbar (any higher more serious problem)

216
Q

What is holoprosencephaly?

A

*missing midline structures (external and internal)

217
Q

What surrounds the oropharengeal membrane and induces forebrain development?

A

*prochordal

218
Q

What is convergent extension?

A

*lateral cells migrate inward which results in lengthening of embryo

219
Q

What genes are necessary for convergent extension and what interferes with it?

A
  • planar cell polarity

* alcohol (also interferes with sonic hedgehog)

220
Q

What is a body cavity?

A

*potential space

221
Q

What has a musculoskeetal wall and what does it do?

A
  • thoracic

* protect organs, anchor for upper limb, and muscles necessary for ventilation

222
Q

What is even with the 2nd rib?

A

*sternal angle

223
Q

What surrounds the superior thoracic aperture?

A

*body of T1, 1st rib, sup. margin of manubrium, costal cart. of 1st rib

224
Q

How are the floating ribs connected?

A

*through soft tissue

225
Q

What is between ribs?

A

*intercostal muscles

226
Q

What are the borders of the inferior thoracic aperture?

A

*body of T12, 12th and 11 rib, costal margin, and xiphoid

227
Q

What depresses and elevates the ribs?

A
  • E: external intercostal, and innermost intercostal

* D: internal intercostal

228
Q

What is active during inhalation, and relaxes during exhalation?

A

*intercostal muscles

229
Q

What is the pectoralis minor and major innervated by?

A

*medial and lateral nerves

Gross Anatomy (7 decks)

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