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GLGY 308 Final > Minerals in the Human Body > Flashcards

Minerals in the Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

Minerals

A
  • naturally occurring
  • solid crystalline structure
  • inorganic
  • specific chemical composition
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2
Q

What are kidney stones

A

Hard crystalline mineral material formed in the kidney or urinary tract

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3
Q

Between __ and __ percent of people develop a kidney stone in their life

A

1,15

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4
Q

When do kidney stones form

A

Decrease in urine volume and/or excess of stone-forming substances in urine

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5
Q

Stone size that can cause blockage in ureter

A

5 mm

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6
Q

Symptoms of kidney stones

A
  • severe pain in lower back/abdomen
  • blood in urine
  • painful urination
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • urinary urgency
  • restlessness
  • sweating
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7
Q

Most kidney stones form due to a combination of

A

Genetics and environmental factors

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8
Q

Risk factors of kidney stones

A
  1. high urine calcium levels
  2. obesity
  3. certain foods
  4. some medications
  5. calcium supplements
  6. hyperparathyroidism
  7. gout
  8. not drinking enough fluids
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9
Q

Doctor recommendation for litres of urine produced per day

A

More than 2L

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10
Q

Lithotripsy

A

Sound waves (high energy shock waves) to break up large kidney stones

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11
Q

Extracorporeal

A

“outside the body”

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12
Q

ESWL

A

Most common form of lithotripsy - takes about 45min

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13
Q

Drug treatment for kidney stones

A
  • calcium channel blockers and steroids (try to dissolve stones)
  • citrate (prevent new stones)
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14
Q

Endoscopic stone removal

A

Go through the bladder or through small incision in back to reach stone

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15
Q

Bone consists mainly of

A

Collagen fibres and small crystals of calcium phosphate

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16
Q

Living bone contains between __ and ___ water and __ to ___ percent calcium phosphate

A

10,20
60,70

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17
Q

Gallstones

A

Stone in gallbladder made of bile components

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18
Q

Bile components that form gallstones

A

Cholesterol, bile salts, cilirubin

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19
Q

Pain in right upper part of abdomen

A

When gallstones block bile duct

20
Q

Bile is produced in ________ and stored in ________

A

Liver, gallbladder

21
Q

What contracts when you eat to empty bile into small intestine (duodenum)

A

Gallbladder

22
Q

Risk factors to gallstones

A
  • birth control pills
  • pregnancy
  • family history
  • obesity
  • diabetes
  • liver disease
  • rapid weight loss
23
Q

5 types of kidney stones

A
  1. calcium oxalate
  2. calcium phosphate
  3. struvite
  4. uric acid
  5. cystine
24
Q

Stages of formation of a kidney stone

A
  1. Nucleation (chemical elements joining together) - Homogeneous (all crystal) vs hetero (cell debris)
  2. Growth
  3. Aggregation
  4. Retention in kidney, continue to grow
    Move to ureter
25
Q

Percentage of men vs. women who produce a kidney stone in their lifetime

A

13, 7

26
Q

Most common type of kidney stone

A

Calcium oxalate

27
Q

Percentage of kidney stones that need no surgical intervention

A

78%

28
Q

What is the likelihood of forming another kidney stone after in the next 4 years

A

50%

29
Q

What causes kidney stones to form

A

Supersaturation of urine with stone-forming elements

Deficiency of inhibitors (such as citrate) that prevent crystallization

30
Q

Dietary habits that can lead to kidney stones

A

Not drinking enough water

Too much sodium

Too much animal protein

31
Q

Calcium stones percentage

A

75%

32
Q

Struvite stones percentage

A

10-15%

33
Q

Cystine stone percentage

A

1%

34
Q

Uric acid stones percentage

A

5-10%

35
Q

Risk of gallstones decreased by

A
  • maintaining healthy body weight
  • eating a healthy diet that is high in fibre and low in sugar
36
Q

Living bone in the body

A

In vivo bone

37
Q

Formula for calcium phosphate in bones

A

Ca5(PO4)3(OH)

38
Q

Compact bone

A

Harder, outer layer of bone

39
Q

Spongy bone

A

Inner part of bone

40
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Cells that break down bone tissue

41
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Cells that make new bone tissue

42
Q

Peak bone mass age in humans

A

In your 30s

43
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Low bone density (spongy part of bone has more holes)

44
Q

Most common fracture locations related to osteoporosis

A

Wrists, spine, and hips

45
Q
A

GLGY 308 Final (11 decks)

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