Minerals in the Human Body Flashcards
Minerals
- naturally occurring
- solid crystalline structure
- inorganic
- specific chemical composition
What are kidney stones
Hard crystalline mineral material formed in the kidney or urinary tract
Between __ and __ percent of people develop a kidney stone in their life
1,15
When do kidney stones form
Decrease in urine volume and/or excess of stone-forming substances in urine
Stone size that can cause blockage in ureter
5 mm
Symptoms of kidney stones
- severe pain in lower back/abdomen
- blood in urine
- painful urination
- nausea
- vomiting
- urinary urgency
- restlessness
- sweating
Most kidney stones form due to a combination of
Genetics and environmental factors
Risk factors of kidney stones
- high urine calcium levels
- obesity
- certain foods
- some medications
- calcium supplements
- hyperparathyroidism
- gout
- not drinking enough fluids
Doctor recommendation for litres of urine produced per day
More than 2L
Lithotripsy
Sound waves (high energy shock waves) to break up large kidney stones
Extracorporeal
“outside the body”
ESWL
Most common form of lithotripsy - takes about 45min
Drug treatment for kidney stones
- calcium channel blockers and steroids (try to dissolve stones)
- citrate (prevent new stones)
Endoscopic stone removal
Go through the bladder or through small incision in back to reach stone
Bone consists mainly of
Collagen fibres and small crystals of calcium phosphate
Living bone contains between __ and ___ water and __ to ___ percent calcium phosphate
10,20
60,70
Gallstones
Stone in gallbladder made of bile components
Bile components that form gallstones
Cholesterol, bile salts, cilirubin
Pain in right upper part of abdomen
When gallstones block bile duct
Bile is produced in ________ and stored in ________
Liver, gallbladder
What contracts when you eat to empty bile into small intestine (duodenum)
Gallbladder
Risk factors to gallstones
- birth control pills
- pregnancy
- family history
- obesity
- diabetes
- liver disease
- rapid weight loss
5 types of kidney stones
- calcium oxalate
- calcium phosphate
- struvite
- uric acid
- cystine
Stages of formation of a kidney stone
- Nucleation (chemical elements joining together) - Homogeneous (all crystal) vs hetero (cell debris)
- Growth
- Aggregation
- Retention in kidney, continue to grow
Move to ureter
Percentage of men vs. women who produce a kidney stone in their lifetime
13, 7
Most common type of kidney stone
Calcium oxalate
Percentage of kidney stones that need no surgical intervention
78%
What is the likelihood of forming another kidney stone after in the next 4 years
50%
What causes kidney stones to form
Supersaturation of urine with stone-forming elements
Deficiency of inhibitors (such as citrate) that prevent crystallization
Dietary habits that can lead to kidney stones
Not drinking enough water
Too much sodium
Too much animal protein
Calcium stones percentage
75%
Struvite stones percentage
10-15%
Cystine stone percentage
1%
Uric acid stones percentage
5-10%
Risk of gallstones decreased by
- maintaining healthy body weight
- eating a healthy diet that is high in fibre and low in sugar
Living bone in the body
In vivo bone
Formula for calcium phosphate in bones
Ca5(PO4)3(OH)
Compact bone
Harder, outer layer of bone
Spongy bone
Inner part of bone
Osteoclasts
Cells that break down bone tissue
Osteoblasts
Cells that make new bone tissue
Peak bone mass age in humans
In your 30s
Osteoporosis
Low bone density (spongy part of bone has more holes)
Most common fracture locations related to osteoporosis
Wrists, spine, and hips
