minerals and energy sources Flashcards
Types of minerals
Metallic and Non metallic.
Types of metallic minerals
Ferrous eg. Iron, Manganese etc.
Non Ferrous- eg. Copper, Bauxite etc
Types of non metallic minerals
Fuel minerals (organic) eg. coal, petroleum, Natural Gas etc.
Others (inorganic) eg Mica, Limestone, Graphite
Distribution of Minerals in India- three broad belts
- The North-Eastern Plateau Region
This belt covers Chotanagpur (Jharkhand), Orissa Plateau, West Bengal and parts of Chhattisgarh. - The South-Western Plateau Region
This belt extends over Karnataka, Goa and contiguous Tamil Nadu uplands and Kerala. - The North-Western Region
This belt extends along Aravali in Rajasthan and part of Gujarat and minerals are associated with Dharwar system of rocks. The Himalayan belt is another mineral belt
Ministry of Mines main functions
- Survey, exploration and mining of minerals OTHER THAN natural gas, petroleum, atomic minerals and coal.
- It administers things related to the Mines and Minerals Act 1957, Offshore area minerals act 2002.
- Jurisdiction includes territory including within territorial waters ocean/continental shelf or EEZs of India.
- Overlooks GSI, IBM, NALCO, HCL, MECL, JNARDDC, NIRM
Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 imp amendments in 2015
- Bring transparency in allocation of mineral resources- pvt sector only through auction
- Establishing District Mineral Foundation (DMF) for the welfare of the people
- National Mineral Exploration Trust (NMET) to give thrust to exploration
- penalty for illegal mining
Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 imp amendments in 2024
- Remove 6 minerals out of the list of 12 atomic minerals from part B of schedule 1 to encourage pvt sector as PSU exploration ws limited, many had non-atomic applications, werent radioactive, associated with other minerals. lithium, beryllium, titanium, niobium, tantalum and
zirconium - Empowering Central Government to exclusively auction mineral mining and composite licenses for certain critical minerals. But licensing and statutory payment receiving by state govts.
- To attract FDI to these sectors, issuing of Exploration Licence (EL) for 5 years
Offshore Areas Mineral(Development and Regulation) Act, 2002 (‘OAMDR Act’) changes
- Auction by competitive bidding of production and composite licenses
- Only PSUs in case of atomic minerals
- Offshore areas mineral trust by Public Account of India
- Royalt, auction premium to central govt
Leading niobium and tantalum producers
Brazil, Canada, and Australia are the leading global producers of niobium and tantalum mineral concentrates
KABIL
Khanij Bidesh India Limited (KABIL), the JV Company set up by Ministry of Mines, in August, 2019, with equity participation of NALCO, HCL and MECL is currently focusing on sourcing of Lithium and Cobalt for the domestic market and engaging with few companies / projects in Australia, Argentina and Chile
Glauconite
Glauconitic sandstones/greensands deposits can be used as an alternative indigenous resource
for potash. Glauconite is essentially a complex hydrous silicate of iron and potassium. Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh.
Trends in production of minerals other than atomic, minor and hydrocarbon energy minerals
Slight reduction in 2022-23
Export and import trends of MCDR minerals in 2022-23
Decreased export increased import
Critical minerals
Those which have economic importance+supply risk
Ministry of Mines list of 30 including 17 Rare earth Elements made in collab with The Council on Energy, Environment and Water, commonly known as CEEW, and The Centre for Socio and Economic Progress (CSEP)
Initiatives taken wrt critical minerals
- India-Aus
Minerals Security Partnership - Supply chain resilience initiative India, Japan, Australia
What are not critical minerals
Manganese, Magnesium, Boron
Rare earth elements
In India, mostly found in Monazite. Reserves- AP. Production- Kerala. In the world reserves and prod- China.
Lithium
The discovery of 6 million MT of lithium has been made in J&K. This is the first major lithium reserve that has been found in India. Earlier a study showed presence of 1600 T in the Marlagalla area of Karnataka’s Mandya district. World Reserves -Bolivia. World Production -
Australia
Platinum and Palladium
making catalytic converters in Automobiles. Platinum Group of Metals (PGM) is a family comprised of 6 metals–platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, osmium. India Reserves and production Odisha but Imports - Dependent. World Reserves and production South Africa
Pradhan Mantri Khanij Kshetra Kalyan Yojana (PMKKKY)
The Ministry of Mines launched PMKKKY in 2015 for the welfare of areas and people affected by mining-related operations, using the funds generated by District Mineral Foundations
(DMFs). At least 60% of PMKKKY funds to be utilized for High priority areas such as Drinking water supply, Health care, Education, Environment preservation etc.
Up to 40% of the PMKKKY to be utilized for other priority areas such as- Physical infrastructure,Irrigation, Energy and Waterhshed etc.
Major vs minor minerals
Minor Minerals means building stones, gravel, ordinary clay, ordinary sand other than sand
used for prescribed. Most in Telangana Rajasthan Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra.
The major minerals cover fuel minerals consisting of coal, lignite, petroleum & natural gas and other major minerals i.e. metallic minerals including atomic minerals and non-metallic minerals.
Iron
India Reserves -
Odisha{H} Jharkhand {H] Chhattisgarh{H} Karnataka{M} Andhra Pradesh {M} Rajasthan {M}. India Production -Odisha Chhattisgarh Karnataka. World Reserves and production-Australia
hematite vs magnetite
Magnetite is ferrimagnetic, meaning it exhibits strong magnetism, whereas Haematite has no such ability
Coal (coking)
India Reserves - Odisha Jharkhand Chhattisgarh West Bengal. World Reserves -USA production- China.
Tertiary coal
Reserves- Meghalaya, Assam, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh production- Assam, Chhattisgarh.
Manganese Ore
Manganese in alloy form is an essential input in steel making and steel is one of the most important indicators of growth in the industrial economy of any country. India Reserves -
Odisha. Production- Madhya Pradesh. World Reserves and Production- South Africa.
Bauxite
Bauxite is basically an aluminous rock that contains hydrated aluminium oxide as main constituent and iron oxide, silica. India reserves and production- Odisha. World reserves and production- Guinea.
Aluminium
world- China, Russia
Copper
high thermal and electrical conductivity. important non-ferrous base metal having wide industrial applications, ranging from defence, space programme, railways, power cables, telecommunication cables, etc. India reserves- Rajasthan production- MP. World reserves and prod-Chile
Gold
Gold often occurs in free elemental (native) form, as nuggets or grains, in rocks, in vein and in alluvial deposits.India Reserves - Bihar. India Production -Karnataka. World Reserves -Australia World Production -China
Silver
Silver is typically used (in paste form) on the photovoltaic (PV) solar cells. India Reserves and production- Rajasthan. World reserves- Peru, production- Mexico.
Lead & Zinc
Both lead & zinc are found to occur together in ore along with other metals like silver and cadmium
India Reserves and prod -Rajasthan
World Reserves -Australia, production- China
Nickel
India Reserves -Odisha Production- Jharkhand
World Reserves and production- Indonesia
Mica - Minor Mineral
India Reserves -Andhra Pradesh, production- Rajasthan
World Production- China -
Uranium
India Reserves Andhra Pradesh and production- Andhra Pradesh
World Reserves -Australia, production- Kazakhstan
Thorium
India has the largest resources followed by Brazil Australia and the United States
Asbestos
India mostly imports from producers
India Reserves -Rajasthan, Karnataka
World Reserves and prod-Russia
Limestone
India Reserves -Karnataka, production- Rajasthan
World Production- -China USA India
Crude Oil and Natural Gas in India
India Reserves -Assam Gujarat Rajasthan
India production- Assam Gujarat Rajasthan
World Reserves -Venezuela | Russia {NG} production USA
Cobalt
India Reserves -Odisha production- imports from Netherlands and USA
World Reserves -Congo (Kinshasa), Aus production- DRC, Russia
Tin
In India, tin ore is found associated with granite,
India Reserves -Haryana production- Chhattisgarh
World Reserves and prod- China
Tungsten aka wolfram
India Reserves -Karnataka, production- Rajasthan
World Reserves and production China
Chromite
resistance to corrosion, oxidation, wear & galling
India Reserves and prod- Odisha
World Reserves -Kazakhstan, production- South Africa
Antimony
India Reserves -Himachal Pradesh, production- Russia import
World Reserves and production -China
Cadmium
India Reserves and production- Rajasthan. Also china imports
World Reserves -USA production- China
Kyanite
India Reserves -Telangana production- Karnataka
USA and India are the main producers of kyanite.
Sillimanite
India Reserves -Odisha, production maharashtra
India leading producer
Molybdenum
India Reserves -TN, prod- import dependence
World Reserves and prod -China
Andalusite
India Reserves -UP, no known prod since 1988
The main producer and exporter of andalusite is South Africa and Peru
Graphite
India Reserves -Arunachal Pradesh, production- Odisha
World Reserves -Turkiye, Production- Oz
Granite - Minor Mineral
India Reserves -Karnataka
India Production -Rajasthan
Marble resources India
Rajasthan
Dolomite - Minor Mineral
India Reserves -MP, production- AP
Selenium and Tellurium
decolourising agent in the Glass Industry, dietary supplements
India Reserves -Jharkhand and production is imports
World Reserves and production- China
Perlite
India Reserves -guj
World Reserves -Greece prod-China
Vanadium
India Reserves - karnataka India Production -Odisha-chhattisgarh
World Reserves and production- China
Ilmenite & Rutile
India Reserves - Ilmenite - Tamil Nadu Rutile- Andhra Pradesh
India Production - Odisha - kerala
World Reserves and production - Ilmenite - China Rutile- Australia
Zircon
occurs in close association with other heavy minerals, such as, ilmenite, rutile and monazite in beach sands
India Reserves Tamil Nadu - Andhra Pradesh
India Production -TN Odisha - kerala
World Reserves and production -Australia, South Africa
Vermiculite
India Reserves and production- TN AP
World Reserves -China production South Africa
Gallium
There is no primary source of gallium in the country
China is the largest producer of Gallium (primary
Diamond
MP
Russia, Botswana - Reserves + Production
Watershed Management
Watershed management basically refers to efficient management and conservation of surface and groundwater resources. However, in broad sense watershed management includes conservation, regeneration and judicious use of all resources – natural (like land, water, plants and animals) and human within a watershed.
watershed development and management programmes
Haryali
Neeru-Meeru (Water and You) programme (in Andhra Pradesh) and Arvary Pani Sansad (in Alwar, Rajasthan) have taken up constructions of various water-harvesting structures such as percolation tanks, dug out ponds (Johad), check dams, etc. through people’s participation.
Rainwater Harvesting
Rain water harvesting is a method to capture and store rainwater for various uses. It is also used to recharge groundwater aquifers.
