minerals and energy sources Flashcards
Types of minerals
Metallic and Non metallic.
Types of metallic minerals
Ferrous eg. Iron, Manganese etc.
Non Ferrous- eg. Copper, Bauxite etc
Types of non metallic minerals
Fuel minerals (organic) eg. coal, petroleum, Natural Gas etc.
Others (inorganic) eg Mica, Limestone, Graphite
Distribution of Minerals in India- three broad belts
- The North-Eastern Plateau Region
This belt covers Chotanagpur (Jharkhand), Orissa Plateau, West Bengal and parts of Chhattisgarh. - The South-Western Plateau Region
This belt extends over Karnataka, Goa and contiguous Tamil Nadu uplands and Kerala. - The North-Western Region
This belt extends along Aravali in Rajasthan and part of Gujarat and minerals are associated with Dharwar system of rocks. The Himalayan belt is another mineral belt
Ministry of Mines main functions
- Survey, exploration and mining of minerals OTHER THAN natural gas, petroleum, atomic minerals and coal.
- It administers things related to the Mines and Minerals Act 1957, Offshore area minerals act 2002.
- Jurisdiction includes territory including within territorial waters ocean/continental shelf or EEZs of India.
- Overlooks GSI, IBM, NALCO, HCL, MECL, JNARDDC, NIRM
Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 imp amendments in 2015
- Bring transparency in allocation of mineral resources- pvt sector only through auction
- Establishing District Mineral Foundation (DMF) for the welfare of the people
- National Mineral Exploration Trust (NMET) to give thrust to exploration
- penalty for illegal mining
Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 imp amendments in 2024
- Remove 6 minerals out of the list of 12 atomic minerals from part B of schedule 1 to encourage pvt sector as PSU exploration ws limited, many had non-atomic applications, werent radioactive, associated with other minerals. lithium, beryllium, titanium, niobium, tantalum and
zirconium - Empowering Central Government to exclusively auction mineral mining and composite licenses for certain critical minerals. But licensing and statutory payment receiving by state govts.
- To attract FDI to these sectors, issuing of Exploration Licence (EL) for 5 years
Offshore Areas Mineral(Development and Regulation) Act, 2002 (‘OAMDR Act’) changes
- Auction by competitive bidding of production and composite licenses
- Only PSUs in case of atomic minerals
- Offshore areas mineral trust by Public Account of India
- Royalt, auction premium to central govt
Leading niobium and tantalum producers
Brazil, Canada, and Australia are the leading global producers of niobium and tantalum mineral concentrates
KABIL
Khanij Bidesh India Limited (KABIL), the JV Company set up by Ministry of Mines, in August, 2019, with equity participation of NALCO, HCL and MECL is currently focusing on sourcing of Lithium and Cobalt for the domestic market and engaging with few companies / projects in Australia, Argentina and Chile
Glauconite
Glauconitic sandstones/greensands deposits can be used as an alternative indigenous resource
for potash. Glauconite is essentially a complex hydrous silicate of iron and potassium. Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh.
Trends in production of minerals other than atomic, minor and hydrocarbon energy minerals
Slight reduction in 2022-23
Export and import trends of MCDR minerals in 2022-23
Decreased export increased import
Critical minerals
Those which have economic importance+supply risk
Ministry of Mines list of 30 including 17 Rare earth Elements made in collab with The Council on Energy, Environment and Water, commonly known as CEEW, and The Centre for Socio and Economic Progress (CSEP)
Initiatives taken wrt critical minerals
- India-Aus
Minerals Security Partnership - Supply chain resilience initiative India, Japan, Australia
What are not critical minerals
Manganese, Magnesium, Boron
Rare earth elements
In India, mostly found in Monazite. Reserves- AP. Production- Kerala. In the world reserves and prod- China.
Lithium
The discovery of 6 million MT of lithium has been made in J&K. This is the first major lithium reserve that has been found in India. Earlier a study showed presence of 1600 T in the Marlagalla area of Karnataka’s Mandya district. World Reserves -Bolivia. World Production -
Australia
Platinum and Palladium
making catalytic converters in Automobiles. Platinum Group of Metals (PGM) is a family comprised of 6 metals–platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, osmium. India Reserves and production Odisha but Imports - Dependent. World Reserves and production South Africa
Pradhan Mantri Khanij Kshetra Kalyan Yojana (PMKKKY)
The Ministry of Mines launched PMKKKY in 2015 for the welfare of areas and people affected by mining-related operations, using the funds generated by District Mineral Foundations
(DMFs). At least 60% of PMKKKY funds to be utilized for High priority areas such as Drinking water supply, Health care, Education, Environment preservation etc.
Up to 40% of the PMKKKY to be utilized for other priority areas such as- Physical infrastructure,Irrigation, Energy and Waterhshed etc.
Major vs minor minerals
Minor Minerals means building stones, gravel, ordinary clay, ordinary sand other than sand
used for prescribed. Most in Telangana Rajasthan Andhra Pradesh Maharashtra.
The major minerals cover fuel minerals consisting of coal, lignite, petroleum & natural gas and other major minerals i.e. metallic minerals including atomic minerals and non-metallic minerals.
Iron
India Reserves -
Odisha{H} Jharkhand {H] Chhattisgarh{H} Karnataka{M} Andhra Pradesh {M} Rajasthan {M}. India Production -Odisha Chhattisgarh Karnataka. World Reserves and production-Australia
hematite vs magnetite
Magnetite is ferrimagnetic, meaning it exhibits strong magnetism, whereas Haematite has no such ability
Coal (coking)
India Reserves - Odisha Jharkhand Chhattisgarh West Bengal. World Reserves -USA production- China.
Tertiary coal
Reserves- Meghalaya, Assam, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh production- Assam, Chhattisgarh.
