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Geography > Indian Geography Physiography > Flashcards

Indian Geography Physiography Flashcards

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1
Q

Southernmost and northernmost latitudes and the easternmost and westernmost longitudes.

A

Southernmost latitude: 8°4’N
Northernmost latitude: 37°6’N
Easternmost longitude: 97°25’E
Westernmost longitude: 68°7’E

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2
Q

The mainland of India, extends from

A

Kashmir in the north to Kanyakumari in the south and Kibithu in Arunachal Pradesh in the east to Kutch Gujarat in the west.

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3
Q

Southernmost latitude non mainland

A

Our southern boundary extends upto 6°45’ N latitude in the Bay of Bengal.

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4
Q

The Indian Standard Meridian (ISM) passes which states in India:

A

5- Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh

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5
Q

Marusthali

A

Thar desert

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6
Q

India geological divisions

A

Geology delves into the underlying processes that create and shape the India’s features
(i) The Peninsular Block
(ii) The Himalayas and other Peninsular Mountains
(iii) Indo-Ganga-Brahmaputra Plain.

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7
Q

Physiographic divisions of India

A

While physiography focuses on the description and classification of those features.
(i) The Northern and Northeastern Mountains
(ii) The Northern Plain
(iii) The Peninsular Plateau
(iv) The Indian Desert
(v) The Coastal Plains
(vi) The Islands

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8
Q

Formation of India geologically

A

Eastern boundary- Rakinyoma Mountains of Myanmar towards the island arc along the Java Trench-spreading site with Pacific. Western boundary- Kirthat mountain Pakistan, spreading site. Southern boundary with the Antarctic also spreading site. The Tethys Sea separated Indian plate and Eurasian plate. But northern boundary convergence, due to northward movement 60 million ya, pouring of Deccan traps near equator. Himalayas formed 40 million ya.

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9
Q

THE PENINSULAR BLOCK north, south, east, west boundaries, northeast extension and divisions

A

Delhi ridge in the northwest, (extension of Aravalis), the Rajmahal hills in the east, Gir range in the west and the Cardamom hills in the south constitute the outer extent of the Peninsular plateau. However, an extension of this is also seen in the northeast, in the form of Shillong and Karbi-Anglong plateau.
(i) The Deccan Plateau
(ii) The Central Highlands
(iii) The Northeastern Plateau.

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10
Q

The Deccan Plateau boundaries

A

This is bordered by the Western Ghats in the west, Eastern Ghats in the east and the Satpura, Maikal range and Mahadeo hills in the north.

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11
Q

What are the different names the western ghats are called locally

A

Western Ghats are locally known by different names such as Sahyadri in Maharashtra, Nilgiri hills in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu and Anaimalai hills and Cardamom hills in Kerala.

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12
Q

Who has higher elevation? Eastern or western ghats

A

Western Ghats are comparatively higher in elevation and more continuous than the Eastern Ghats. Their average elevation is about 1,500 m with the height increasing from north to south.

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13
Q

Where do eastern and western ghats meet each other

A

At the Nilgiris

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14
Q

Important hill ranges of the Deccan plateau

A

MP- Satpura, Mahadeo, Maikal
Maharashtra- Ajanta, Balaghat, Sahyadris
AP- nallamala, Veliconda, Palkonda, Javadi, Shevaroy
TN- Annamalai
Karnataka- Nilgiris
Kerala-Cardamom
Odisha- Mahendragiri

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15
Q

Important plateaus of deccan plateau

A

Karnataka, Telangana, Coimbatore, Bastar

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16
Q

Important peaks of deccan plateaus

A

Anaimudi on the Anaimalai hills followed by Dodabetta (2,637 m) on the Nilgiri hills

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17
Q

The Central Highlands boundaries

A

West- Aravali, North- Delhi Ridge, South- Satpura, East- Rajmahal hills

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18
Q

The Central Highlands elevation

A

700-1000 m

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19
Q

Important hills of The Central Highlands

A

Kaimur, Satpura, Ridge, Aravalli, Rajmahal, Vindhya

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20
Q

Important plateaus of the central highlands

A

Bundelkhand, baghelkhand, Malwa, Chotanagpur, Hazaribagh, Palamu

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21
Q

The Bhima fault

A

Mostly lies in maharashtra and karnataka

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22
Q

The Northeastern Plateau creation

A

Force exerted by the northeastward movement of the Indian plate at the time of the Himalayan origin, a huge fault was created between the Rajmahal hills and the Meghalaya plateau. Later, this depression got filled up by the deposition activity of the numerous rivers. Today, the Meghalaya and Karbi Anglong plateau stand detached from the main Peninsular Block.

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23
Q

Important plateaus part of The Northeastern Plateau

A

Meghalaya and Karbi Anglong plateau

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24
Q

Important hills of The Northeastern Plateau

A

he Meghalaya plateau is further sub-divided into three: (i) The Garo Hills; (ii) The Khasi Hills; (iii) The Jaintia Hills, named after the tribal groups inhabiting this region.

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25
Q

Important ranges of the himalayas

A

Some of the important ranges are the Greater Himalayan range, which includes the Great Himalayas and the Trans- Himalayan range, the Middle Himalayas and the Shiwalik.

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26
Q

Himalayas orientation

A
  1. The general orientation of these ranges is from northwest to the southeast direction in the northwestern part of India.
  2. Himalayas in the Darjiling and Sikkim regions lie in an eastwest direction
  3. while in Arunachal Pradesh they are from southwest to the northwest direction
  4. In Nagaland, Manipur and Mizoram, they are in the northsouth direction.
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27
Q

The approximate length of the Great Himalayan range also known as the central axial range and width

A

is 2,500 km from east to west, and their width varies between 160-400 km from north to south.

28
Q

Himalayas sub-divisions:

A

(i) Kashmir or Northwestern Himalayas
(ii) Himachal and Uttaranchal Himalayas
(iii) Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas
(iv) Arunachal Himalayas
(v) Eastern Hills and Mountains.

29
Q

INDO-GANGA-BRAHMAPUTRA PLAIN formation

A

Originally, it was a geo-synclinal depression which attained its maximum development during the third phase of the Himalayan mountain formation approximately about 64 million years ago. Since then, it has been gradually filled by the sediments brought by the Himalayan and Peninsular rivers.

30
Q

Karewas

A

Karewas are the thick deposits of glacial clay and other materials embedded with moraines. Used to cultivate zafran.

31
Q

Kashmir or Northwestern Himalayas ranges

A

Karakoram, Ladakh, Zaskar and Pir Panjal.

32
Q

Important glaciers of Kashmir or Northwestern Himalayas

A

Baltoro and Siachen

33
Q

Important pilgrimage spots of Kashmir or Northwestern Himalayas

A

Vaishno Devi, Amarnath Cave, Charar -e-Sharif,

34
Q

Duns

A

The word “Dun” is a local term for an open longitudinal valley, especially in the Siwaliks or between the Siwaliks and the higher Himalayan foothills

35
Q

Meanders in Jhelum why?

A

Jhelum in the valley of Kashmir is still in its youth stage and yet forms meanders, caused by the local base level provided by the erstwhile larger lake of which the present Dal Lake is a small part.

36
Q

Important tourist spots of The Himachal and Uttaranchal Himalayas

A

Gangotri, Yamunotri, Kedarnath, Badrinath and Hemkund Sahib

37
Q

Important tribes of The Himachal and Uttaranchal Himalayas

A

Bhotias, Bugyals

38
Q

The Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas boundaries

A

They are flanked by Nepal Himalayas in the west and Bhutan Himalayas in the east.

39
Q

Are the Shiwaliks present in The Darjiling and Sikkim Himalayas

A

There is conspicuous absence of the Shiwalik formations. In place of the Shiwaliks here, the ‘duar formations’ are important,

40
Q

Important tribes of The Darjeeling and Sikkim Himalayas

A

Lepcha, Nepalis

41
Q

Are the Shiwaliks present in the Northwestern and Uttaranchal Himalaya?

A

Yes they have all three types of Himalayas.

42
Q

The Arunachal Himalayas boundaries

A

These extend from the east of the Bhutan Himalayas up to the Diphu pass in the east.

43
Q

The Arunachal Himalayas important peaks

A

Some of the important mountain peaks of the region are Kangtu and Namcha Barwa

44
Q

ethnic tribal community of the Arunachal Himalayas

A

Monpa, Daffla, Abor, Mishmi, Nishi and the Nagas. Daffla, Abor, Mishmi, Nishi and the Nagas. Most of these communities practise Jhumming.

45
Q

The Eastern Hills and Mountains important hills

A

Mishmi, Patkai Bum, Naga hills, the Manipur hills and in the south as Mizo or Lushai hills

46
Q

The Northern Plains length and width, depth

A

The maximum depth of alluvium deposits varies between 1,000-2,000 m
These plains extend approximately 3,200 km from the east to the west. The average width of these plains varies between 150-300 km.

47
Q

The Northern Plains major zones

A

From the north to the south, these can be divided into three major zones: the Bhabar, the Tarai and the alluvial plains. The alluvial plains can be further divided into the Khadar and the Bhangar.

48
Q

Bhabhar

A

Bhabar is a narrow belt ranging between 8-10 km parallel to the Shiwalik foothills at the break-up of the slope. As a result of this, the streams and rivers coming from the mountains deposit heavy materials of rocks and boulders, and at times, disappear in this zone.

49
Q

Tarai

A

South of the Bhabar is the Tarai belt, with an approximate width of 10-20 km where most of the streams and rivers re-emerge without having any properly demarcated channel, thereby, creating marshy and swampy conditions known as the Tarai. This has a luxurious growth of natural vegetation and houses a varied wild life.

50
Q

Bhangar and Khadar

A

The south of Tarai is a belt consisting of old and new alluvial deposits known as the Bhangar and Khadar respectively. These plains have characteristic features of mature stage of fluvial erosional and depositional landforms such as sand bars, meanders, ox- bow lakes and braided channels. Prone to floods, eg Brahmaputra

51
Q

The Indian Desert types of dunes

A

It is a land of undulating topography dotted with longitudinal dunes and barchans.

52
Q

The Indian Desert geological formation

A

during the Mesozoic era, this region was under the sea. This can be corroborated by the evidence available at wood fossils park at Aakal and marine deposits around Brahmsar, near Jaisalmer (The approximate age of the wood- fossils is estimated to be 180 million years). Though the underlying rock structure of the desert is an extension of the Peninsular plateau, yet, due to extreme arid conditions, its surface features have been carved by physical weathering and wind actions.

53
Q

The Indian Desert divisions

A

On the basis of the orientation, the desert can be divided into two parts: the northern part is sloping towards Sindh and the southern towards the Rann of Kachchh.

54
Q

The Coastal Plains divisions

A

(i) the western coastal plains; (ii) the eastern coastal plains.

55
Q

The Western Coastal Plains formation type and important natural ports

A

The western coastal plains are an example of submerged coastal plains. The rivers flowing through this coastal plain do not form any delta. Because of this submergence it is a narrow belt and provides natural conditions for the development of ports and harbours. Kandla, Mazagaon, JLN port Navha Sheva, Marmagao, Mangalore, Cochin, etc.

56
Q

The Western Coastal Plains divisions

A

the Kachchh and Kathiawar coast in Gujarat, Konkan coast in Maharashtra, Goan coast and Malabar coast in Karnataka and Kerala respectively.

57
Q

Eastern Coastal Plains Divisions

A

Coromandel (TN+1/2 AP), Northern Sircars (1/2 AP+ 1/2 Odisha), Utkal (1/2 Odisha+WB)

58
Q

Kayals

A

The Malabar coast has got certain distinguishing features in the form of ‘Kayals’ (backwaters), which are used for fishing, inland navigation and also due to its special attraction for tourists. Every year the famous Nehru Trophy Vallamkali (boat race) is held in Punnamada Kayal in Kerala.

59
Q

The Eastern Coastal Plains formation type

A

the eastern coastal plain is broader and is an example of an emergent coast. There are well- developed deltas here, formed by the rivers flowing eastward in to the Bay of Bengal. These include the deltas of the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri. The continental shelf extends up to 500 km into the sea, which makes it difficult for the development of good ports and harbours.

60
Q

2 Principle groups of Bay of Bengal islets include

A

The two principal groups of islets include the Ritchie’s archipelago and the Labrynth island

61
Q

Channel separating Andaman and Nicobar islands

A

10 degree channel

62
Q

Origin of Andaman and Nicobar islands

A

slands are an elevated portion of submarine mountains. However, some smaller islands are volcanic in origin. Barren island, the only active volcano in India is also situated in the Nicobar islands.

63
Q

Important mountain peaks Andaman and Nicobar islands

A

Some important mountain peaks in Andaman and Nicobar islands are Saddle peak (North Andaman – 738 m), Mount Diavolo (Middle Andaman – 515 m), Mount Koyob (South Andaman – 460 m) and Mount Thuiller (Great Nicobar – 642 m).

64
Q

Arabian sea islands location

A

between 8°N-12°N and 71°E -74°E longitude.

65
Q

BOB islands location

A

6-14 degree N and 92-94 degree E

66
Q

Channel dividing lakshadweep

A

The entire group of islands is broadly divided by the Eleventh degree channel, north of which is the Amini Island and to the south of the Canannore Island.

67
Q

largest lakshadweep island

A

Andrott then Minicoy

Geography (8 decks)

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