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Nutrition > Minerals > Flashcards

Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What two things make minerals different from vitamins, carbs, and proteins?

A
  • they are not organic compounds, but elemental atoms or ions
  • they are not destroyed by heat, light, acidity, or alkalinity
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2
Q

What makes minerals similar to vitamins?

A

both are micronutrients, only needed in small amounts

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3
Q

What are 4 things minerals are essential for?

A
  • coafactors in enzymes
  • components of body fluids (electrolytes)
  • sites for binding oxygen (transport)
  • structural component of non-enzymatic macromolecules
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4
Q

True or False? Balance of ions in proper ratio is often of greater importance than specific mineral concentration.

A

True

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5
Q

Specific _____ proteins are required for some mineral absorption.

A

carrier

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6
Q

What 7 factors effect the bioavailability of minerals?

A
  • fiber
  • phytate
  • polyphenols
  • oxalate
  • competition from other minerals
  • acidity of the intestinal environment
  • person’s need
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7
Q

True or False?

Mineral deficiencies are usually secondary causes.

A

True

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8
Q

True or False? Trace elements deficiencies are due mainly to prominence of refined processed foods in diet.

A

True.

Reason: elements tend to concentrate in germ of seeds/grains which are removed when food is processed

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9
Q

What are macrominerals?

A

minerals required in amounts greater than 100mg/dL

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10
Q

What macromineral is a constituent of bone/teeth?

A

calcium

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11
Q

What macromineral effect activity of the heart, nerves, and muscles (membrane excitability, muscle contraction)?

A

calcium

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12
Q

What macromineral effects blood clotting mechanisms?

A

calcium

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13
Q

What macromineral regulates cell funcion: mediate action of hormones, enzymes, neurotransmitters via calmodulin?

A

calcium

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14
Q

In what 4 ways does calcium regulate balance in the body?

A
  • bone metabolism = deposition/resorption
  • kidney = resorption of Ca
  • parathyroid hormones (PTH released due to decreased plasma Ca)
  • dietary factors promoting absorption
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15
Q

How is vitamin D involved with calcium?

A

vitamin D is required for synthesis of Ca-binding protein

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16
Q

Decreased blood calcium is ____.

A

tetany

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17
Q

What are the 4 causes of low blood calcium?

A
  • vitamin D deficiency
  • hypoparathyroidism
  • renal insufficiency (increased renal excretion)
  • decreased dietary content
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18
Q

What are some diseases that can be caused by calcium deficiency?

A
  • Rickets
  • Osteomalacia
  • Osteoporosis
  • Paget’s disease
  • enamel hypoplasia
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19
Q

What are the 4 functions of phosphate?

A
  • structure of bones
  • intermediary metabolism
  • major intracellular buffer systems
  • membrane structure
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20
Q

What are the 6 regulatory factors of phosphate?

A
  • renal function
  • hormones (PTH):
    • hyperparathyroidism (increased clearance of phosphate
    • hypoparathyroidism (decrease renal clearance)
  • vitamin D
  • intestinal absorption
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21
Q

What are two phosphate deficiency diseases?

A

rickets and osteomalacia

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22
Q

________ is found in ICF in 10 times the amount of that in ECF.

A

Magnesium

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23
Q

What are the functions of magnesium?

A
  • structure of bones and teeth
  • enzyme activator (all rxns involving ATP)
  • neuromuscular transmission and activity
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24
Q

Magensium and _________ compete in absorption, membrane transport, and crystallization of bone.

A

calcium

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25
Q

True or False?

Renal failure causes increased blood serum levels of Magnesium.

A

True

26
Q

True or False? Deficiency of magnesium leads to degenerative changes in ameloblasts/odontoblasts.

A

True

27
Q

What macromineral is a major cation of ECF?

A

sodium

28
Q

What are the 4 functions of sodium?

A
  • acid-base equilibirum
  • fluid osmolarity (osmotic pressure/blood pressure)
  • normal irritability of nerves/muscles
  • glucose absorption across intestinal membrane
29
Q

True or False? Increased sodium can cause hyperactive adrenal cortex.

A

True

30
Q

True or False? Potassium is a major cation of ICF.

A

True

31
Q

What are the 5 functions of potassium?

A
  • normal muscular/neuromuscular activity (cardiac muscle)
  • fluid osmolarity
  • energy dependent Na+/K+ ATPase pump
  • acid-base equilibrium
  • enzyme activity (pyruvate kinase)
32
Q

Increases blood potassium leads to ______.

A

hyperkalemia

33
Q

Decreases in blood K leads to ______.

A

hypokalemia (rare)

34
Q

What are the four functions of sulfur?

A
  • protein structure
  • enzyme activity
  • transmethylation reactions/PAPS
  • detoxication mechanism
35
Q

What are the 4 functions of chloride?

A
  • water balance
  • elcetrolyte balance
  • acid-base equilibrium
  • digestive processes
36
Q

What are the 5 functions of micromineral fluoride?

A
  • improved/enlarged crystal structure of bone/enamel: fluoroapetite
  • decreased bone resorption
  • decreased solubility of bone/enamel
  • inhibit glycolyticc activity of certain bacterial enzymes
37
Q

What are the major micromineral functions of iron?

A
  • oxygen transport
  • brain function
  • immune function
  • enzyme cofactor or constituent
38
Q

Where is iron located?

A

mucosal cells of stomach/dudodenum

39
Q

What type of iron is more soluble?

A

ferrous iron

40
Q

What does iron deficiency lead to?

A

hypochromic microcytic anemia

41
Q

90% of oxygen used by the body is dependent on what micromineral?

A

copper

42
Q

What are the two functions of copper?

A
  • oxidase enzymes

- hemoglobin/myelin synthesis

43
Q

Decreased copper leads to what disease?

A

Wilson’s disease

44
Q

Where is copper located?

A

liver and brain

45
Q

True or False? Hypochromic microcytic anemia of infants is a result of copper deficiency.

A

True

46
Q

What is the function of iodine?

A

thyroid gland activity via iodination of tyrosine to form T3/T4

47
Q

What are the three actions of iodine?

A
  • regulation of metabolic rate (BMR)
  • anabolic effect in moderate concentrations
  • increase intestinal absorption of glucose
48
Q

What are the 2 functions of selenium?

A
  • gluthione peroxidase component

- oral involvement

49
Q

What is the function of molybdenum?

A

oxidase enzymes (FAD flavoprotein)

50
Q

What are the 3 functions of manganese?

A
  • enzyme activator
  • glycoprotein/proteoglycan synthesis
  • gamma-carboxylation of glutamic acid
51
Q

What is the function of cobalt?

A

constituent of vitamin B12 (cobalamin)

52
Q

What are the two functions of zinc?

A
  • enzyme activator

- insulin component

53
Q

What are three effects of zinc deficiency?

A
  • growth failure
  • poor wound healing
  • loss of taste and smell
54
Q

True or False? Strontium has similar properties to calcium.

A

True

55
Q

True or False? 99% of total body lead is in the skeleton, the remainder is in rbc, liver, and kidneys.

A

True

56
Q

What is the function of lead?

A

hematopoietic system

57
Q

What is the function of chromium?

A

prevention of glucose intolerance

58
Q

What is the function of lithium?

A

controls manic-depressive psychosis mood swings

59
Q

What is the function of aluminum?

A

relatively inert biologically but has molecular functions

60
Q

What is the result of cadmium toxicity?

A

kidney damage

Nutrition (9 decks)

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