Diet and Nutrition in Growth and Development Flashcards
What are the constituents of food necessary to sustain the normal functions of the body?
nutrients
Macronutrients provide _______.
energy
What are the macronutrients?
cabs, protein, fat, and ethanol
What are the micronutrients?
vitamins and minerals
True or False? Ethanol is considered an essential component of the diet and may provide significant contribution to the daily caloric intake of some individuals.
False. Ethanol is NOT considered an essential component of the diet BUT may provide significant contribution to the daily caloric intake of some individuals.
What estimates the amount of nutrients required to prevent deficiencies and maintain optimal health?
DRIs
What is the RDA equation?
RDA = EAR + 2(SDear)
What is set if there is no scientific evidence for EAR or RDA?
AI
______ is useful because of the abundance of fortified foods in out society.
UL
What is the recommended daily average calories?
2000 kcal/day
What is calculated from the heat released by the combustion of food?
energy content (kcals)
What are 3 energy requiring processes of the body?
- resting metabolic rate (formerly basal metabolic rate)
- thermal effect of food
- physical activity
What is the energy expended at rest?
resting metabolic rate
What is the estimated caloric requirement for resting metabolic rate?
1500 kcal/day
What normal body functions are performed at resting metabolic rate?
- breathing
- blood flow
- ion transport
- cellular integrity
What is the energy required to digest food?
thermal effect of food
What is typical caloric breakdown for a 20-yr old woman engaged in light activity?
resting metabolic rate = 60%
physical activity = 30%
thermic effect of food = 10%
What is the acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDR) for carbs, fats, and proteins?
carbs = 45-65% fats = 20-25% protein = 10-35%
Fat provides ______.
energy
What is the most important class of fats?
triacylglycerols
What are the three subclasses of triacyglycerols?
saturated, monunsaturated, polyunsaturated
Saturated fatty acids with carbon chain lengths of 14 (myristic) and 16 (palmiticc) are most potent in increasing _____.
serum cholesterol
Stearic acid (18 carbons found in many foods and chocolate) has _____ effect on blood cholesterol.
little
LDL _____ the risk of heart disease.
increases
HDL ______ the risk of heart disease.
decreases
What type of triacylglycerols contains no double bonds and is associated with increased levels of LDL?
saturated fats
What type of fat is butter and animal fats?
saturated
What type of triacylglycerols contains one double bond and lowers the LDL cholesterol?
monounsaturated
What type of fat raises HDL?
monounsaturated
Vegetables and fish have what kind of fat?
monounsaturated
What type of triacylglycerols contains more than one double bond?
polyunsaturated
How does n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-6) effect LDL and HDL?
It lowers both
Omega-6 is an _____ fatty acid.
essential
How does n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids effect LDL and HDL levels?
it has little effect
What type of fatty acid suppresses cardiac arrhymthias, reduce serum triacylglycerols, and decreases risk for thrombosis?
n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
n-3 fatty acids inhibit the conversion of _______ to ______ and instead converts ______ to ______.
n-3 fatty acids inhibit the conversion of ARACHIDONIC ACID to THROBOXANE A2 (TXA2) and instead converts ARACHIDONIC ACID to TXA3 (which is less thrombogenic).
How do trans fatty acids effect HDL and LDL?
increases LDL and lowers HDL
What are other factors that lower LDL?
plant sterols and soy protein
Carbohydrates provide _____.
energy
“sugars” refers to ______.
mono and disaccharides
What are 2 monosaccharides?
glucose and fructose
Glucose + fructose =
sucrose
glucose + glucose =
maltose
glucose + galactose =
lactose
What type of carbohydrate is not sweet but are starches?
polysaccharides
What kind of carbohydrate is nondigestible and contains lignin (a comples polymer of phenylpropanoid subunits)?
fiber
What quantifies the rise and fall in blood glucose after a meal?
glycemic index
There is an association between _____ and dental caries.
sucrose
Protein provides ______.
energy
What is a standard to evaluate protein quality of foods?
Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Scoring (PDCAAS)
What is the highest score of PDCAAS (has all essential amino acids)?
1.0
_____ sources have the highest protein quality.
animal
If there is inadequate carbohydrates for energy, then the body will metabolize proteins for gluconeogenesis. For this reason, carbs are considered _________.
protein sparing
What are the two severe forms of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)?
Kwashiorkor
Marasmus
What type of protein malnutrition occurs when protein deprivation is greater than total calorie reduction and diet consists of mostly carbs?
Kwashiorkor
What type protein malnutrition occurs when calorie deprivation is relatively greater than reduction of protein?
marasmus
Diet influences which 6 types of cancer?
- esophagus
- stomach
- colon
- breast
- lung
- prostate
Weakness and wasting of the bidy due to severe illness is called?
cachexia
