minerals (25) Flashcards
what two vitamins are considered “hematopoietic B vitamins”?
folate and B12
what is the number for folate? cobalamin?
folate- B9
cobalamin-B12
what does a deficiency in folate lead to?
- macrolytic anemia
- neural tube defects
- hyperhomocysteinemia (CVD risk)
what are susceptible for folate deficiency?
Pregnant women, elderly, alcoholics, patients with long term drug treatments, people with genetic polymorphisms in folate metabolism
Anticonvulsant drugs & oral contraceptives can interfere with absorption of folate
what are the symptoms of a B12 deficiency?
pernicious (macrocytic) anemia
who are susceptible to B12 deficiency?
elderly, patients with malabsorption diseases and long term vegetarians
tell me about the body storing B12
it weirdly can be stored in the liver (over water soluble vitamins can’t) it can be stored for up to 6 years in the liver woowowwzerrs!
what is the most abundant mineral in the body?
calcium
list the 5 major functions of calcium
major component of bone signaling coagulation muscle contraction neurotransmission
describe a mild deficiency in calcium. severe?
mild: muscle cramps & osteoporosis
severe: rickets
who are the susceptible groups for calcium deficiency?
children
adult women
elderly
when is calcium intake most important to prevent osteoporosis? (what life stage)
age 10-25 in women- this is the period when bone is reaching max density
what is the name of the calcium component in bones & teeth?
hydroxyapatite
what are the symptoms of a Mg deficiency?
weakness, tremors, cardiac arrhythmia
what groups are susceptible for Mg deficiency?
alcoholics, patients taking diuretics or experiencing severe vomiting and diarrhea
list the functions of phosphorus
major component of bone (hydroxyapatite)
constitute of nucleic acids, membrane lipids
required in all energy producing reactions
why is Mg deficiency rare? but what are the results if it does happen?
bc it is very abundant in diet
but results in rickets, muscle wasting & breakdown, seizures
what is the most common mineral deficiency?
iron
list the functions of iron
O2/CO2 transport in Hg
Oxidative phosphorylation
Cofactor in several nonheme iron proteins and cytochromes (redox properties of iron are important)
deficiency of which mineral will lead to microlytic hypochromic anemia?
iron
deficiency of what mineral results in red blood cells that are small and pale?
iron
will a patient with iron deficiency have high or low MCV
low
what groups are susceptible for iron deficiency?
common in children, menstruating women, pregnant women and elderly
what vitamin reduces Fe3 to Fe2?
vitamin C
what is needed to release Fe3 from ligands that make the iron bioavailable?
low stomach pH
what are the two common barriers to iron absorption?
- Release of Fe3 from food
2. Availability of reducing agent to convert Fe3 to Fe2
why can iron be toxic?
because of their chemical properties as redox agents and having the ability to catalyze the production of ROSs
tell me about long term iron toxicity (hemochromatosis)
- iron overload leads to iron deposits in multiple tissues
- leads to compromised liver, pancreatic & cardiac function
- ultimately can compromise mitochondrial function leading to lactatic acidosis
- primarily genetic disease
tell me about acute iron overdose
- this is the #1 poisoning in children
- most common cause of death due to toxicity in children under 6 usually occurring from taking parent’s vitamins
- death mainly due to corrosive effects on children’s GI
what signal sense iron sufficiency & prevents export of Fe+2 from duodenal mucosal cell by downregulating the exporter
hepcidin
what are the two main functions of copper?
- assists in iron absorption through ceruloplasmin
2. cofactor for enzymes required in collagen synthesis, fatty acid metabolism and elimination of ROS
what is the function of ceruloplasmin?
ceruloplasmin oxidizes iron from Fe2 to Fe3 to help bind it to transferin for distribution
what are the symptoms of a copper deficiency?
hypercholesterolemia, fragility of large arteries, bone demineralization demylination
who is susceptible to copper deficiency?
ppl with menke’s syndrome
what is the effect of menke’s syndrome?
affects the copper transporter: ATP7A this is suppose to get copper into the golgi to supply copper to enzymes like lysyl oxidase
if you have wilson’s disease, what are you at risk for?
copper overload
what is wilson’s disease? what is the tell tale sign of someone with it?
mutation in ATP7B. copper ring around the iris
list the 2 main functions of zinc
- Cofactor for over 300 matalloenzymes
2. Plays a structural role in many proteins (Zn finger domains)
what are the symptoms of a zinc deficiency?
Poor wound healing, dermatitis, reduced taste acuity, poor growth and impaired sexual development in children
what groups are susceptible for a zinc deficiency?
elderly & alcoholics and ppl with malabsorption or kidney disease
what is the function of chromium?
its a component of chromodulin which facilitates insulin binding to its receptor
chromium deficiency?
can have impaired glucose from reduced insulin
can chromium be helpful in ppl with type II diabetes?
nice try, but no
what is the function of iodine?
Function: incorporated into triiodothyronine (T3) and thryoxine (T4)
^Regulates BMR
what are the two functions of selenium?
Component of antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase)
Component of deiodinase enzymes involved in T3 and T4
what is a deficiency in selenium called?
keshan disease causing cardiomyopathy & cretinism
in children, what minerals do you worry about?
calcium and iron
in teenagers what minerals/vitamins do you worry about?
calcium & magnesium, possibly vit A, C and B6
in women what do you worry about?
iron calcium magnesium vit B6 and folate
in the elderly what do you worry about?
vit b6, b12, d
zinc chromium
in alcoholics what are you esp worried about?
folate
b6
thiamin
