Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

unit 6: MCP > minerals (25) > Flashcards

minerals (25) Flashcards

1
Q

what two vitamins are considered “hematopoietic B vitamins”?

A

folate and B12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the number for folate? cobalamin?

A

folate- B9

cobalamin-B12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does a deficiency in folate lead to?

A
  • macrolytic anemia
  • neural tube defects
  • hyperhomocysteinemia (CVD risk)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are susceptible for folate deficiency?

A

Pregnant women, elderly, alcoholics, patients with long term drug treatments, people with genetic polymorphisms in folate metabolism
Anticonvulsant drugs & oral contraceptives can interfere with absorption of folate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the symptoms of a B12 deficiency?

A

pernicious (macrocytic) anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

who are susceptible to B12 deficiency?

A

elderly, patients with malabsorption diseases and long term vegetarians

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

tell me about the body storing B12

A

it weirdly can be stored in the liver (over water soluble vitamins can’t) it can be stored for up to 6 years in the liver woowowwzerrs!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the most abundant mineral in the body?

A

calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

list the 5 major functions of calcium

A 
major component of bone
signaling
coagulation
muscle contraction
neurotransmission
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

describe a mild deficiency in calcium. severe?

A

mild: muscle cramps & osteoporosis
severe: rickets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

who are the susceptible groups for calcium deficiency?

A

children
adult women
elderly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

when is calcium intake most important to prevent osteoporosis? (what life stage)

A

age 10-25 in women- this is the period when bone is reaching max density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the name of the calcium component in bones & teeth?

A

hydroxyapatite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the symptoms of a Mg deficiency?

A

weakness, tremors, cardiac arrhythmia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what groups are susceptible for Mg deficiency?

A

alcoholics, patients taking diuretics or experiencing severe vomiting and diarrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

list the functions of phosphorus

A

major component of bone (hydroxyapatite)
constitute of nucleic acids, membrane lipids
required in all energy producing reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

why is Mg deficiency rare? but what are the results if it does happen?

A

bc it is very abundant in diet

but results in rickets, muscle wasting & breakdown, seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the most common mineral deficiency?

A

iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

list the functions of iron

A

O2/CO2 transport in Hg
Oxidative phosphorylation
Cofactor in several nonheme iron proteins and cytochromes (redox properties of iron are important)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

deficiency of which mineral will lead to microlytic hypochromic anemia?

A

iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

deficiency of what mineral results in red blood cells that are small and pale?

A

iron

22
Q

will a patient with iron deficiency have high or low MCV

A

low

23
Q

what groups are susceptible for iron deficiency?

A

common in children, menstruating women, pregnant women and elderly

24
Q

what vitamin reduces Fe3 to Fe2?

A

vitamin C

25
Q

what is needed to release Fe3 from ligands that make the iron bioavailable?

A

low stomach pH

26
Q

what are the two common barriers to iron absorption?

A
  1. Release of Fe3 from food

2. Availability of reducing agent to convert Fe3 to Fe2

27
Q

why can iron be toxic?

A

because of their chemical properties as redox agents and having the ability to catalyze the production of ROSs

28
Q

tell me about long term iron toxicity (hemochromatosis)

A
  • iron overload leads to iron deposits in multiple tissues
  • leads to compromised liver, pancreatic & cardiac function
  • ultimately can compromise mitochondrial function leading to lactatic acidosis
  • primarily genetic disease
29
Q

tell me about acute iron overdose

A
  • this is the #1 poisoning in children
  • most common cause of death due to toxicity in children under 6 usually occurring from taking parent’s vitamins
  • death mainly due to corrosive effects on children’s GI
30
Q

what signal sense iron sufficiency & prevents export of Fe+2 from duodenal mucosal cell by downregulating the exporter

A

hepcidin

31
Q

what are the two main functions of copper?

A
  1. assists in iron absorption through ceruloplasmin

2. cofactor for enzymes required in collagen synthesis, fatty acid metabolism and elimination of ROS

32
Q

what is the function of ceruloplasmin?

A

ceruloplasmin oxidizes iron from Fe2 to Fe3 to help bind it to transferin for distribution

33
Q

what are the symptoms of a copper deficiency?

A

hypercholesterolemia, fragility of large arteries, bone demineralization demylination

34
Q

who is susceptible to copper deficiency?

A

ppl with menke’s syndrome

35
Q

what is the effect of menke’s syndrome?

A

affects the copper transporter: ATP7A this is suppose to get copper into the golgi to supply copper to enzymes like lysyl oxidase

36
Q

if you have wilson’s disease, what are you at risk for?

A

copper overload

37
Q

what is wilson’s disease? what is the tell tale sign of someone with it?

A

mutation in ATP7B. copper ring around the iris

38
Q

list the 2 main functions of zinc

A
  1. Cofactor for over 300 matalloenzymes

2. Plays a structural role in many proteins (Zn finger domains)

39
Q

what are the symptoms of a zinc deficiency?

A

Poor wound healing, dermatitis, reduced taste acuity, poor growth and impaired sexual development in children

40
Q

what groups are susceptible for a zinc deficiency?

A

elderly & alcoholics and ppl with malabsorption or kidney disease

41
Q

what is the function of chromium?

A

its a component of chromodulin which facilitates insulin binding to its receptor

42
Q

chromium deficiency?

A

can have impaired glucose from reduced insulin

43
Q

can chromium be helpful in ppl with type II diabetes?

A

nice try, but no

44
Q

what is the function of iodine?

A

Function: incorporated into triiodothyronine (T3) and thryoxine (T4)
^Regulates BMR

45
Q

what are the two functions of selenium?

A

Component of antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase)

Component of deiodinase enzymes involved in T3 and T4

46
Q

what is a deficiency in selenium called?

A

keshan disease causing cardiomyopathy & cretinism

47
Q

in children, what minerals do you worry about?

A

calcium and iron

48
Q

in teenagers what minerals/vitamins do you worry about?

A

calcium & magnesium, possibly vit A, C and B6

49
Q

in women what do you worry about?

A

iron calcium magnesium vit B6 and folate

50
Q

in the elderly what do you worry about?

A

vit b6, b12, d

zinc chromium

51
Q

in alcoholics what are you esp worried about?

A

folate
b6
thiamin

unit 6: MCP (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions