Minerals

Question 1

essential minerals

Answer 1

considered essential if purified diets lacking the mineral causes a deficiency

Question 2

Macro minerals

Answer 2

Calicum
Phorophus
potassium
chlorine
sodium
sulphur

Question 3

functions of minerals

Answer 3

Structural: Calcium & Phosphorus in bone

Physiological: acid-base balance (pH) + osmotic control of water distribution (sodium, potassium, chlorine), nerve & muscle function (calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium)

Regulatory: (cell replication and differentiation) e.g. zinc and transcription

Catalytic: Enzymes (Cofactors & Transporters)

Other:
* Iron: Haemoglobin
* Cobalt: Vit B12
* Iodine: Thyroxine

Question 4

functions

Answer 4

Some participate with enzymes in metabolic processes (cofactors,
transporters)
* Some have structural functions (Ca, P in bone; S in keratin)
* Acid-base and water balance (Na, K, Cl)
* Nerve & muscle function (Ca, Mg, Na, K)
* Unique functions (e.g., haem, B12, thyroid hormones)

Question 5

outside the proper Ph proteins are…

Answer 5

denatured, digested and enzymes lose their ability to function and death may occur

Question 6

an excess of anions

Answer 6

will produce cations which will produce hydrogen
ions to counterbalance the anions, giving metabolic acidosis

Question 7

an excess of cations

Answer 7

requires ions such as acetate and bicarbonate and
cause alkalosis

Question 8

normal ph range of animals

Answer 8

7.35-7.45

Question 9

co-factors

Answer 9

some enzymes require co factors to be active
co-factors are non protein component of the enzyme

Question 10

mineral storage in the animals

Answer 10

-held in different forms in the body (compartments)
-central reserve/interchange compartment (blood plasma )
-Metabolic activities take place in the central reserve (plasma)- receives mineral for GI tract and difficult to mobilise compartments
- Compartments- Long term storage Kidneys, Milk, bones

Question 11

Factors affecting requirements

Answer 11

physiological state/level of production
interactions with other minerals
tissue storage
form fed (inorganic VS organic )

Question 12

Factors affecting mineral use

Answer 12

Bioavailablilty- influenced by genetics, aging, nutritional status
Absorption- small intestine & large
Regulation- kidneys and small intestine

Question 13

Minerals come from?

Answer 13

found in all food groups
more reliably found in animal products
often substances in foods decrease absorption (bioavailability )
oxalate- found in brassicas prevent absorption of most calcium
phytate- form of phosphorus in most plants makes it poorly available

Question 14

Minerals come from?

Answer 14

found in all food groups
more reliably found in animal products
often substances in foods decrease absorption (bioavailability )
oxalate- found in brassicas prevent absorption of most calcium
phytate- form of phosphorus in most plants makes it poorly availableS

Question 15

Sources of mineral- calcium phosphorus , salt, magnesium

Answer 15

limestone, diclciim phosphate, sodium, calcined magnesite

Question 16

Macro/major minerals

Answer 16

present in the body tissues @ concentrations >50mg/kg (50ppm)

Question 17

Micro or trace (body needs relatively less)

Answer 17

present in body tissues at concentrations <50mg/kg

Question 18

macro minerals

Answer 18

calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium chlorine ,sulphur, magnesium

Question 19

trace or micro

Answer 19

cobalt (co), copper Cu, Fluorine F, Iodine I , Iron Fe, Manganese Mn,, Molybdenum, Selenium (se), Zinc Zn

Question 20

Chelated minerals

Answer 20

the process of firmly binding a metal (mineral) ion with an organic molecule to form a ring structure.
the resulting ring structure protects the mineral and facilitates absorption resulting in increased metabolism of the material
intestines are designed to allow food to pass through but not raw inbound minerals

Question 21

chelates

Answer 21

it is a cyclic compound which is formed between an organic molecule and a metallic ion. ( held with in the organic molecule as if by a ‘claw’.

Question 22

Naturally occurring chelates

Answer 22

Chlorophylls
cytochrome
haemoglobin
Vit B12

Question 23

Cu,Mo&Zinc

Answer 23

Excess Mo & Zn reduce Cu metabolism

Question 24

Ca and Zn

Answer 24

High Ca and Phytate P and inhibit Zn absorption by tying up

Question 25

Ca, P and Mn

Answer 25

High Ca,P can inhibit Mn absorption

Question 26

Mg and K

Answer 26

Excess K reduces Mg absorption
Mg deficiency reduces K retention and can result in K deficiency also

Question 27

Cu and Fe

Answer 27

Cu required for proper Fe metabolism

Question 28

Zn and Se

Answer 28

used together to improve immune response in combination with Vitamin E

Question 29

Cu, Mo Fe

Answer 29

in ruminants these interact and can affect absorption of all three

Question 30

Epithelial cell

Answer 30

relating or denoting the thin tissue forming of the outer layer of a body surface and lining go alimentary cancel and other hollow structures

Question 31

Calicum Deficiencies

Answer 31

Rickets
osteomalacia
milk fever ( lactating animals )
Weak egg shells

Question 32

osteoporosis

Answer 32

lesion of mature bones following the removal of much of the bone content
often occurs in prolific sows that mobilise minerals for high milk production
gilts also in their first lactation also susceptible to it as their development may have been incomplete and there was. no reserve prior to pregnancy

Question 33

Copper is required for

Answer 33

normal hair pigmentation

Question 34

copper levels for sheep should not exceed

Answer 34

25ppm

Question 35

Groite

Answer 35

deficiency of iodine causes reproduction failure or birth of hairless weak piglets

Question 36

signs of iodine toxicity

Answer 36

depression in weight gain and feed intake

Question 37

Selenium requirements

Answer 37

range of 0. 1 to 0.3 ppm,
7.0ppm is TOXIC