Minerals Flashcards
essential minerals
considered essential if purified diets lacking the mineral causes a deficiency
Macro minerals
Calicum
Phorophus
potassium
chlorine
sodium
sulphur
functions of minerals
Structural: Calcium & Phosphorus in bone
Physiological: acid-base balance (pH) + osmotic control of water distribution (sodium, potassium, chlorine), nerve & muscle function (calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium)
Regulatory: (cell replication and differentiation) e.g. zinc and transcription
Catalytic: Enzymes (Cofactors & Transporters)
Other:
* Iron: Haemoglobin
* Cobalt: Vit B12
* Iodine: Thyroxine
functions
Some participate with enzymes in metabolic processes (cofactors,
transporters)
* Some have structural functions (Ca, P in bone; S in keratin)
* Acid-base and water balance (Na, K, Cl)
* Nerve & muscle function (Ca, Mg, Na, K)
* Unique functions (e.g., haem, B12, thyroid hormones)
outside the proper Ph proteins are…
denatured, digested and enzymes lose their ability to function and death may occur
an excess of anions
will produce cations which will produce hydrogen
ions to counterbalance the anions, giving metabolic acidosis
an excess of cations
requires ions such as acetate and bicarbonate and
cause alkalosis
normal ph range of animals
7.35-7.45
co-factors
some enzymes require co factors to be active
co-factors are non protein component of the enzyme
mineral storage in the animals
-held in different forms in the body (compartments)
-central reserve/interchange compartment (blood plasma )
-Metabolic activities take place in the central reserve (plasma)- receives mineral for GI tract and difficult to mobilise compartments
- Compartments- Long term storage Kidneys, Milk, bones
Factors affecting requirements
physiological state/level of production
interactions with other minerals
tissue storage
form fed (inorganic VS organic )
Factors affecting mineral use
Bioavailablilty- influenced by genetics, aging, nutritional status
Absorption- small intestine & large
Regulation- kidneys and small intestine
Minerals come from?
found in all food groups
more reliably found in animal products
often substances in foods decrease absorption (bioavailability )
oxalate- found in brassicas prevent absorption of most calcium
phytate- form of phosphorus in most plants makes it poorly available
Minerals come from?
found in all food groups
more reliably found in animal products
often substances in foods decrease absorption (bioavailability )
oxalate- found in brassicas prevent absorption of most calcium
phytate- form of phosphorus in most plants makes it poorly availableS
Sources of mineral- calcium phosphorus , salt, magnesium
limestone, diclciim phosphate, sodium, calcined magnesite
Macro/major minerals
present in the body tissues @ concentrations >50mg/kg (50ppm)
Micro or trace (body needs relatively less)
present in body tissues at concentrations <50mg/kg
macro minerals
calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium chlorine ,sulphur, magnesium
trace or micro
cobalt (co), copper Cu, Fluorine F, Iodine I , Iron Fe, Manganese Mn,, Molybdenum, Selenium (se), Zinc Zn
Chelated minerals
the process of firmly binding a metal (mineral) ion with an organic molecule to form a ring structure.
the resulting ring structure protects the mineral and facilitates absorption resulting in increased metabolism of the material
intestines are designed to allow food to pass through but not raw inbound minerals
chelates
it is a cyclic compound which is formed between an organic molecule and a metallic ion. ( held with in the organic molecule as if by a ‘claw’.
Naturally occurring chelates
Chlorophylls
cytochrome
haemoglobin
Vit B12
Cu,Mo&Zinc
Excess Mo & Zn reduce Cu metabolism
Ca and Zn
High Ca and Phytate P and inhibit Zn absorption by tying up
Ca, P and Mn
High Ca,P can inhibit Mn absorption
Mg and K
Excess K reduces Mg absorption
Mg deficiency reduces K retention and can result in K deficiency also
Cu and Fe
Cu required for proper Fe metabolism
Zn and Se
used together to improve immune response in combination with Vitamin E
Cu, Mo Fe
in ruminants these interact and can affect absorption of all three
Epithelial cell
relating or denoting the thin tissue forming of the outer layer of a body surface and lining go alimentary cancel and other hollow structures
Calicum Deficiencies
Rickets
osteomalacia
milk fever ( lactating animals )
Weak egg shells
osteoporosis
lesion of mature bones following the removal of much of the bone content
often occurs in prolific sows that mobilise minerals for high milk production
gilts also in their first lactation also susceptible to it as their development may have been incomplete and there was. no reserve prior to pregnancy
Copper is required for
normal hair pigmentation
copper levels for sheep should not exceed
25ppm
Groite
deficiency of iodine causes reproduction failure or birth of hairless weak piglets
signs of iodine toxicity
depression in weight gain and feed intake
Selenium requirements
range of 0. 1 to 0.3 ppm,
7.0ppm is TOXIC
