Minerals

Question 1

Sodium
-Mech. of uptake
-Metabolic functions
-Disease
-Major dietary sources

Answer 1

-uptake by intestine and colon (reg. by kidney/water)
-regulates ECFluid, nerve/muscles, transport of nutrients thru membranes
-deficiency is rare but excess is w/ hypertension/increase CVDs
-table salt/ham

Question 2

Potassium
-Mech. of uptake
-Metabolic functions
-Disease
-Major dietary sources

Answer 2

-passive diffusion in intestine
-reg. intracellular fluid/transmembrane electrochemical gradients
-def. w/ risk of cardiac arrest (arrhythmia)/stroke/hypertension/muscle weakness, increase blood pH

Question 3

Calcium
-Mech. of uptake
-Metabolic functions
-Disease
-Major dietary sources

Answer 3

Most abundant mineral!
1,000mg/day
-in bone/teeth/ control vascular size/clotting/nerve transmission/intracellular signaling/hormones
-def.= rickett’s/osteoporosis - muscle spasms (often bc Vit D)
-excess= kidney stones
-dairy sources- milk/yogurt/cheese/vegetables/broccoli/fortified foods

Question 4

Calcium roles (extracellular vs. intracellular)

Answer 4

-reg. w/ vit D as it increases uptake/ regulation in the bone
Extracellular:
-bones/teeth, blood clotting, 2nd messenger, electrical excitability
Intracellular:
-2nd messenger w/ reg. of TCA (step 3, 4) and PDH
-secretory processes- nerve conductance/pancreatic enzymes/hor.

Question 5

Phosphorus
-Mech. of uptake
-Metabolic functions
-Disease
-Major dietary sources

Answer 5

2nd most abundant w/ reg. by Vit D & PTH
-passive absorption in small intestine
-85% bone/teeth + DNA/RNA, phospholipids, ATP, buffer
-rare def.
-meat/milk/lentils/quinoa

Question 6

Magnesium
-Mech. of uptake
-Metabolic functions
-Disease
-Major dietary sources

Answer 6

-coenzyme >300 rxns- protein syn/E prod/ muscle & nerve func/ blood glucose control, BP reg, bone dev, DNA/RNA/glutathione synthesis
def- anorexia, nausea, weakness, fatigue, vomit
excess- diarrea
-spinach/seeds/tuna/brown rice/almonds/dark chocolate

Question 7

Iron

Answer 7

-heme form use heme transporter
-w/o heme- can be reduced from Fe3+ to Fe2+ (via vit. C) and enter duodenal cell via DMT1 and release into blood by transferrin where it is converted back to Fe3+ w/ inhibition of export by hepcidin
-uptake in tissues via Fe-transferrin complex then reduce Fe down and exocytose Fe- kick out transporters
Def: Hemochromatosis
-w/ Fe overload, hepcidin is abnormal= fails to inhibit iron absorption= accumulation in liver= liver damage/diabetes & bronze/grey skin coloring
-def: most COMMON= acute hemorrhage, acute blood loss ect bc of microcytic hypochromic anemia= small RBC w/ low hemoglobin content

Question 8

Zinc

Answer 8

15mg/day- no storage
-absorbed by small intestine and reduces heavy-metal toxicity = zinc metalloenzyme= w/ cellular metabolism
also w/ zinc finger protein= structural role/small loops
def- skin, hair, poor wound healing, neuropsych, decrease taste w/ poor growth in children/testicular atrophy
-lots in oysters but absorption is inhibited by phytate

Question 9

Copper

Answer 9

-absorb in small intestine to liver via portal vein- carried in blood w/ ceruloplasmin
-help w/ Fe absorption, w/ ETC a
def w/ Menkes syndrome: ATP dep. transporter deficiency- lead to low copper/ceruloplasmin levels= growth retardation, mental def, seizure/aneurysm risk/kinky hair/bone demineralization
vs. excess= Wilson ds- bc bilIary excretion blocked = accumulate in liver/brain/cornea
-shellfish/seeds

Question 10

Iodine

Answer 10

-for thyroid hormone synthesis=T3/T4, taken up in gut and concentrate in thyroid
def- spont. abortion/birth defects
-excess may disrupt thyroid function
-in table salt