Military Intelligence Flashcards
What does WFF stand for
War Fighting Function
What does IPB stand for
Intelligence Preparation of the Battlefield
How many variables are in the Contemporary Operational Environment
8
What rank is the BDE S2 usually
Major or Senior Captain
What rank is the BN S2 usually
Career course graduate and sometimes a senior 1LT
How many intelligence disciplines are there
8
What are the intelligence disciplines
HUMINT - Human SIGINT - Signal IMINT - Imagery OSINT - Open Source CI - Counter MASINT - Measures and Signals TECHINT - Technical BEI - Biometrically Enabled
Define IPB
The systematic and continuous process of analyzing the threat and the environment in a specific geographic area
What are the objectives of IPB
Answer commander’s questions about: TWEL Terrain, Weather, Enemy Situation, Local Population to
Selectively apply combat power at critical points in a time and space on the battlefield by describing the environment and it’s effects and determining the threat’s likely Course of Action (COA)
Who leads IPB
S2/G2 and everyone does it to some extent
How many steps are in IPB
4
What’s the first step of IPB
Define the Battlefield Environment
What’s the second step of IPB
Describe the Battlefield Effects
What’s the third step of IPB
Evaluate the Threat
What’s the fourth step of IPB
Identify Threat COA
What are the two components of Define the Battlefield Environment
AREA OF OPERATIONS - The physical space where your unit is authorized to conduct operations. Given to you by your higher headquarters.
AREA OF INTEREST - The physical area where enemy forces or their actions may affect your unit’s mission. Determined by the S2 and commander.
How many components are there to Describing the Battlefield Effects
2
What are the components of Describing the Battlefield Effects
Analyze with regard to:
Terrain
Weather
Describe the field’s effect on threat/friendly capabilities and broad courses of action
How many dimensions are there to terrain analysis
4
What are the dimensions of terrain analysis to describe the battlefield effects
OCOKA, Lines of Communication, Cross-country Movement Overlay, and Population Centers
What does OCOKA stand for
Observation and Field of Fire (see and kill from where)
Cover and Concealment (visual and physical protection)
Obstacles (existing and reinforcing)
Key Terrain (mission accomplishment)
Avenues of Approach (to/from an objective)
What does Observation mean
The ability of a force to see the enemy either visually or through the use of surveillance devices.
From where / how can the enemy see me?
Where / how can I see the enemy from here?
What does Field of Fire mean
An area that a weapon or groups of weapons can effectively cover with fire from a given position.
From where / how can the enemy shoot me?
Where / how can I shoot the enemy from here?
What does Cover mean
Inter Visibility Lines, ditches, caves, hills, ravines, river banks, shell craters, buildings, fighting positions, embankments and gatherings of non-combatants.
What does Concealment mean
Protection from observation.
Examples - Camouflage, weeds, underbrush, tall grass, heavy vegetation, rocky outcrops, religious sites and gatherings of non-combatants.
What does cover and concealment aid
Defensible terrain and potential positions.
Possible approach routes.
Assembly areas.
Deployment and dispersal areas.
What does Obstacles mean
Natural or man-made terrain features that stop, impede, or divert military movement.
Obstacles are the foundation of an engagement area.
Can I stop/slow the enemy here long enough to mass fires upon him?
Will the enemy stop/slow me here and try to mass fires upon me?
Use the MCOO to graphically depict obstacles.
Identify pertinent obstacles in the AI.
Determine the effects of each obstacle on the mobility of the evaluated force.
Combine the effects of individual obstacles into an integrated product (MCOO)
What does Key Terrain mean
Any natural or man-made feature which gives the force which controls it an advantage.
Consider the following in analyzing terrain:
Mission
Level of Command
Type of Unit
Does that piece of terrain aid me in the accomplishment of my mission?
Would it aid the enemy in the accomplishment of his mission?
Key terrain can be the PEOPLE as well
What does Avenues of Approach mean
Route (air, ground or human) of an element which leads to the objective or key terrain within its path.
On the attack, ask - what route can I take to the objective?
In the defense, ask - what route could the enemy take to get to me or the objective?
What are the three classifications of terrain
UNRESTRICTED Free of any restriction to movement. Units maneuver at doctrinal speeds/distances. Nothing needs to be done to enhance mobility.
RESTRICTED Terrain hinders movement. Units must adjust doctrinal distances or speeds. Some effort required to enhance mobility .
SEVERELY RESTRICTED Terrain severely hinders movement. Units cannot travel at doctrinal distances and speeds.
What are the Civil Considerations of Terrain Analysis
Area
Structures - Infrastructure, Government, Religious
Capabilities - Governance, Security, Medical, Essential Services
Organizations - Political and Non-Governmental Organizations
People - Demographics
Events - Key Historical Events
Sum up the Terrain Assessment in one line
Terrain favors the …..
How many aspects are there to Weather analysis
5
What are the five aspects to Weather Analysis
Visibility
Winds
Precipitation
Cloud Cover
Temperature and Humidity
Define Visibility impacts
Light data (BMNT, EENT, Sunrise, Sunset, Moon Phases)
Laser range finding
Poor visibility increases light infantry survivability
Define Wind impacts
Smoke / Chemical dispersion
Decrease trajectory data and first hit probability
Affects airborne, air assault, aviation operations
Define Precipitation impacts
Degrades mobility
Limits visibility
Degrades weapons effectiveness
Affects troop morale
Define Cloud Cover impacts
Heavy cloud cover limits illumination and solar heating of targets
Degrades many target acquisition systems
Ceiling affects aviation operations
Define Temperature and Humidity impacts
Extreme temperature reduces personnel effectiveness
Low temperature degrades ballistics of weapons
Temperature can affect vehicle performance
High humidity decreases stamina of foot soldier
Sum up weather analysis in one line
Weather favors the …
What is a Doctrinal Template (DOCTEMP)
Illustrate the deployment pattern and disposition preferred by the threat’s normal tactics when not constrained by the effects of the battlefield environment.
What does a Doctrinal Template usually have
Usually scaled graphic depictions of threat dispositions for a particular type of standard operation, such as a
- battalion movement to contact
- an insurgent ambush
- terrorist kidnapping
What’s an HVT
High Value Targets: targets that belong to the enemy that we must kill to be successful
What does Identifying Threat Capabilities mean
What are the Tactical COAs in Massive Combat Operations:
Attack
Defend
Reinforce
Broad COAs can be divided into more specific COAs.
Threat Capability Statements take the form of “The enemy has the capability to attack with up to 8 divisions supported by 170 daily sorties of fixed-wing aircraft”
What do you need to identify about the enemy’s objectives
What does the enemy seek to do to us
How does the enemy define success
How can we deny him success
What are the criteria for developing enemy COAs
Develop as many potential COAs as time allows.
Criteria for each COA: suitability feasibility acceptability uniqueness consistency with doctrine.
Situation templates are graphic depictions of expected threat dispositions should he adopt a particular COA
What are the key components of COAs
WHAT - the type of operation, such as attack, defend, reinforce, or conduct retrograde.
WHEN - the time the action will begin. You usually state this in terms of the earliest time that the threat can adopt the COA under consideration.
WHERE - the sectors, zones, axis of attack, avenues of approach, and objectives that make up the COA.
HOW - the method by which the threat will employ his assets, such as dispositions, location of main effort, the scheme of maneuver, and how it will be supported.
WHY - the objective or end state the threat intends to accomplish.
What’s a COE
Contemporary Operational Environment: the synergistic combination of all the critical variables and actors that create the conditions, circumstances, and influences that can affect military operations today and in the near- and mid-term
What’s an OE
A composite of the
conditions,
circumstances, and
influences
that affect the employment of capabilities and bear on the decisions of the commander
What’s the 4 bases of the current COE
Nations will continue to field armed forces and use these forces as a tool to pursue national interests.
Advanced technology will be available on the world market for a wide variety of nation-state and non-state actors.
Non-state actors will play an important role in any regional conflictas combatants or noncombatants.
All combat operations will be significantly affected by a number of variables in the environment beyond simple military forces.
What does PMESII-PT stand for
Political Military Economic Social Information Infrastructure
Physical Environment
Time
What are the components of the Political Environment
Distribution of power and responsibility
Legitimacy
Will
What are the factors in the Military Environment
Capabilities
Flexibility
Instrument of respective political system
Military capabilities that should be considered include equipment, manpower, military doctrine, training levels, resource constraints and leadership issues. Military leadership is very important as it influences the “human capabilities” of the military.
Analysis should focus on to what extent an actor can militarily influence the OE domestically, regionally, internationally or globally.
Unconventional tactics may be used when conventional forces face overwhelming military power.
What are the factors in the Economic Environment
Haves and have-nots (“The Shooter”)
Resources
Regional action, global reaction
What are the factors in Social Environment
Cultural, religious and ethnic makeup
People, groups and institutions
How people define themselves and interact with others
Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors and artifacts that the members of society use to cope with their world and one another.
Characteristics of a social system to consider include demographics, migration trends, urbanization, standards of living and the cohesiveness of cultural, religious or ethnic groups.
What are the factors in Information Environment
Information is power
Perception management
Information flow
Sophistication
What are the factors in the Infrastructure Environment
Systems needed for the functioning of a community or society
Technological sophistication
Technology captures the Actor’s ability to conduct research and development and then capitalize on the results. The infrastructure can be measured in terms of technological success or advancement, scientific and research institutions, technology acquisition policies and the education and training facilities that support the acquisition of technology.
What are the factors in the Physical Environment
Physical circumstances and conditions
Defining factors
Complex terrain
Adverse weather
Factors are complex terrain and urban settings (to include super-surface, surface and sub-surface features), weather, topography, hydrology and environmental conditions.
Actors understand that open environments with relatively little complex terrain favor US weapons systems and tactics. Therefore complex environments, such as urban or mountainous terrain, may favor adversaries.
Adverse weather has a similar effect as it degrades the ability of the US to exploit air power and advanced observation systems.
What are the factors in the Time Environment
Operational Planning Factor
Tool
Time does not favor US goals
Time is a major factor in commander’s decision cycle.
Adversaries will seek to control the operational tempo, especially early in a conflict to have maximum impact on early-entry operations.
The availability of time is a significant planning factor as the amount available and how long operations might take will affect every aspect of military execution including force package development, force flow rate, quality of intelligence, the need for forward-deployed forces and logistics.
The US has demonstrated distaste for protracted operations and accompanying casualties. This is largely a function of political will, rather than of logistical or military failings.
What is the System Approach to Combat
Systems warfare identifies critical system components and attacks them to degrade or destroy the use or importance of the system
‘Single points of failure’ are targeted and destroyed individually
Examples of systems that might be targeted by systems warfare are
Logistics
C2
Reconnaissance, intelligence, surveillance, and target acquisition (RISTA)
Medical evacuation
Commerce
Transportation
What is ES2
Every Soldier is a Sensor
How does the Army accomplish ES2
Threat/Cultural Awareness
IED Training
HUMINT/Combat Patrolling
Situational Awareness
Actionable Intelligence
What is the purpose of ES2
Enhance Soldiers’ overall skills and improve their ability to act/react/respond in the Contemporary Operating Environment
What’s the End State of ES2
All Soldiers trained in the fundamentals of intelligence/information gathering and responding
What are the parts of a SALUTE report
Size
Activity
Location
Unit
Time
Equipment
Remarks Source Map Data PIR DOI Other
What does Size/Who stand for
This is applicable to both civilians and military alike. Describe as a Civilian/Group of Civilians, Co, Bn, Bde, etc. Be specific if the details are available. If it is an individual, state an individual. If it is a group, state how big the group is. Be as specific as you can.
Examples
1 x Div (2 x squad)
3 x Civilians (approx 7 armed insurgents)
1 x shopkeeper
What does Activity/What stand for
Clearly indicate what has transpired and indicate the PIR being answered, i.e. Iraqi Border Crossing, unusual/suspicious activity which may threaten force protection, pending hostilities, rallies, etc. If it is about an event that has not happened yet, try to be very specific. Raid does not mean much. Armed raid of base camp means a little more.
What does Location/Where stand for
Give an 8-digit grid coordinate whenever possible (min 6); Spell Town Names, followed by 4-digit grid of town center mass. If a civilian, gather information such as name of business, residence and any other data that will help a TAC HUMINT team re-contact the individual. Again, wouldn’t you like to know where the minefield is? Exactly, and not just “approximately?”
What does Unit/Who stand for
Unit Designation from lowest to highest echelon known, i.e. 2nd Platoon, HQ Company, 5th Lt Inf Bn, 22nd Lt Inf Bde. If it is an individual, or business, or group of locals, specify that in this block. Don’t put in the name of the individual that reported the information to you (unless he did the activity), put in the identity of the individual or group that did or will do the activity.
What does Time/When stand for
DTG + time zone (Z, GMT, etc); Record the time of the activity (if known), and if not known, the time you received the information (ensure that you state this is the time of your information).
Future events – begin time
Past events – end time
Ongoing events – date reported, plus indication of duration
What does Equipment/How stand for
Clearly indicate quantity and military Nomenclature or Types of Major Equipment that are DIRECTLY related to the activity if appropriate. If IED, describe what the device looks like (i.e. plastic bag with explosive device inside).
Additionally, you may list important documents, information gathered on routes, or activities in this block as they apply to the information gathered. For the raid for example, if you know the route the individuals are expected to take, vehicle used, and weapons equipped with, you would detail it all in this block.
NOTE: Separate multiple entries for Line 6. Try to make it easy to read, and impossible to misunderstand.
What do you put in the Remarks section of a Salute Report
List which PIR report answered (if any) List Date of Information If hearsay information, list here If source made personal observations, list here Your observations, if any
What’s required by the Geneva Conventions for detainees
Treat IAW Geneva Conventions Humane Treatment Cannot deny rights Safeguard Food, Clothing, Shelter Work Dignity
What are the 5S’s
A legal obligation
Search – weapons and documents - bag and tag each separately Silence – gag if you have to Segregate – by rank, status, gender Safeguard – from ALL things Speed – to a detention facility
What should you not do for EPW’s
Do not give comfort items to prisoners. They are not your guests.
Do not attempt to force information out of them; you are not an interrogator. Ask them basic questions as outlined in this handbook and move them to a detention facility as quickly as possible.
Do not mention that they may be interrogated later or try any other ‘scare tactic’; that hinders our job to provide you with intelligence information.
Do not attempt to inform the EPW of his or her rights; someone else will handle this.
What are the 6 counterintelligence DOs
Practice camouflage principles and techniques
Practice noise and light discipline
Practice field sanitation
Use proper COMSEC procedures
Use proper Information Assurance Procedures
What are the 4 counterintelligence DON’Ts
Take personal letters or pictures into combat areas
Keep diaries or blogs
Discuss military operations with those persons not having a need to know the information
Forget to remind fellow soldiers of their counterintelligence responsibilities
What’s a SAEDA incident
Attempts by unauthorized personnel to obtain/transmit Classified Military Information.
Attempts by unauthorized personnel to obtain/transmit Controlled Unclassified Information.
Acts of espionage or treason by Army personnel.
Contact with persons known or suspected to be a foreign agent or terrorist.
Missing classified documents.
Discovery of surveillance devices near sensitive areas.
What are some indications of SAEDA
Living beyond one’s means
Potential compromise of CMI – safes, computers, thumb drives and paper
Phone calls and unexpected guests
What to do if you’re approached
play James Bond
make any deals, agreements or commit to anything
try to apprehend or be your own SWAT team
tell everyone – only your S2 and CDR should know
Do
Recall as many details as possible as soon as possible
Stay calm, get info and buy time then report to your nearest CI/S2 section
What do you do if you see someone do something wrong
Recall as many details as possible as SOON as possible. Make notes of what occurred
Only give details to a CI Agent (your boss and the S2 don’t need details)
You can’t be punished for reporting a SEADA incident
But you can be punished for not reporting one
A DOCTEMP + Terrain is a …
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