Migration - chapter 4

Question 1

How can migration be categorised? 5

Answer 1

1. Scale.
2. Direction.
3. Distance.
4. Decision making.
5. Cause of movement.

Question 2

What are the types of scale migration ?

Answer 2

International, regional and local.

Question 3

What are the direction types of migration? 5

Answer 3

Rural-urban, urban-rural, urban-urban, MEDW to LEDW, LEDW to MEDW.

Question 4

How is migration subject to distance-decay?

Answer 4

The number of migrants decrease as the distance between the source and destination area increases.

• Refugees only travel short distances.
• Economic migrants travel greater distances.

Question 5

What causes migration in basic terms?

Answer 5

Changing physical, economic, social, cultural and political circumstances.

• generally social and economic.
• the desire to move to a different country is usually constricted by political factors e.g. immigration laws.

Question 6

What is a voluntary example of MEDC to MEDC migration?

Answer 6

The ‘brain drain’ of doctors and scientists from the UK and Germany to the USA.

Question 7

What is a forced example of MEDC to MEDC migration?

Answer 7

East Germans returning into the new unified Germany after 1989.

Question 8

What is a voluntary example of LEDC to MEDC migration?

Answer 8

The movement of Mexicans to California USA to do seasonal work such as fruit picking.

Question 9

What is a forced example of LEDC to MEDC migration?

Answer 9

Movement of large numbers of refugees and asylum seekers from many parts of the world.

Question 10

What is a voluntary example of MEDC to LEDC migration?

Answer 10

The movement of aid workers from EU countries to the Sudan and Ethiopia.

Question 11

What is a voluntary example of LEDC to LEDC migration?

Answer 11

The movement of migrant labour from Pakistan and Bangladesh to the oil-rich states of the Persian Gulf.

Question 12

What is a forced example of LEDC to LEDC migration?

Answer 12

The movement of Tutsi and Hutu people from Rwanda to the Democratic Republic of Congo because of fear of genocide.

Question 13

How many international migrants make up the world’s population?

Answer 13

3%.

Usually due to economic conditions, and social and political tensions.

Question 14

What two trends does net migration rates show?

Answer 14

The immigration of unskilled workers.

The emigration of more-educated residents.

Question 15

What have there been increases in regarding international migration? 5

Answer 15

1. The attempts of illegal migration.
2. Those seeking asylum.
3. Migration between MEDCs.
4. Short term migration - countries increasingly place limits on work permits.
   Common for MEDCs (USA) to limit the length of work permits.
5. Migration between LEDCs - particularly with rapid economic development E.g. Singapore.

Question 16

What have there been decreases in regarding international migration? 2

Answer 16

1. Legal, life long migration, particularly from LEDCs to MEDCs - MEDCs tightened entry requirements - not many low skilled jobs available.
2. People migrating with the purpose of reuniting family members.

Question 17

What is the UN definition of a refugee?

Answer 17

As ‘persons unable or unwilling to return to their homeland for fear of persecution, based on reasons of race, religion, ethnicity or political opinion etc.

Question 18

What was the UN estimated number of refugees in 2003?

• what are the 3 main characteristics of refugee movements?
• what is the main reason for refugee movement?

Answer 18

22 million refugees.
Large volume, non-selective and travel short distances.
Often caused by war.

Question 19

Is refugee migration often temporary or permanent?

Answer 19

Temporary.

When the cause of the migration ends, the refugees usually return to their former homes.

Question 20

What are some major examples of refugee movements? 5

Answer 20

1. 2 million from Ethiopia, Sudan and Somalia as a result of famine and civil war.
2. 6 million from Mozambique as a result of famine, civil war and flooding.
3. 1 million Kurds from northern Iraq fleeing oppression.
4. 1 million Aghans fleeing into neighbouring country Pakistan as a result of civil disagreement and war.
5. 7,000 residents of Montserrat fleeing from a volcanic eruption in the Soufriere Hills.

Question 21

What is the definition of an asylum seeker?

Answer 21

‘The formal application by a refugee to reside (live permanently) in a country when they arrive in that country’.

Question 22

Why has there been an increased prominence in asylum seeking in recent years? 4

Answer 22

1. Pressure to migrate from the poorest states is increasing due to economic decline and political instability.
2. Improved communications allow people to learn more about potential destinations.
3. The cost of transport has declined.
4. More trafficker gangs are preying on would-be migrants, and are offering them a new passage of life.