MIGRATION-Brazil Flashcards
Where is Brazil located?
-South America
-West of the Atlantic ocean
-South east of Colombia
What are some facts about Brazil?
-7th Largest economy in the world
-Leading economic power in South America.
-Increase of GDP per capita from $4874 in 2007 to $5823 in 2014
What are the current patterns of Immigration and Emigration in Brazil?
-A slowing down in emigration of low skilled workers to the USA
-An increase in emigration of highly skilled workers to Europe, the USA and Japan
-Migrants entering Brazil from Haiti and African countries
-Increased migration between Brazil and neighbouring countries e.g. Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina. Also nearby Chile
-Many manual labour migrants were attracted to build in preparation for the 2014 football world cup and 2016 Olympics
-Continued huge flows of internal migrants from north east (rural) to cities of the south east
What are the changes in Immigration to and Emigration from Brazil over time?
-Immigration into Brazil has slowed in the last 15 years
-80,000 fewer migrants living in Brazil than at the start of the Century
-In 2013 1.77 million Brazilians lived abroad compared with 0.98 million in 2000
-USA has Brazil’s largest population overseas mainly for economic reasons
-Many Brazilians of Japanese descent, have strong cultural links, have emigrated to Japan, encouraged by employment opportunities
What are the social, political, economic and environmental interdependence factors with USA?
-The many thousand of low skilled economic migrants working in the USA are able to remit significant monies, while returning migrants, having acquired skills and knowledge, are able to contribute to Brazilian development (Socio-economic)
-Highly skilled Brazilians are increasingly finding opportunities to work in the USA especially in the service sector(economic)
-The USA has negotiated agreements with Brazil regarding agriculture, trade, finance, education and defence(political)
-USAID gives support to many environmental projects which range from practical help such as training Xavante indigenous people to protect their tribal lands from forest fires to assisting Brazilian government in designing and implementing laws concerning forest governance and sustainable forest management (Environment)
What are the social, political, economic and environmental interdependence factors with the Haiti?
-The national immigration council for Brazil enables Haitian immigrants to obtain visas relatively easy in Haiti and thereby reduce their vulnerability to trafficking networks (political)
-This is of great benefit to Haitians who have found it difficult to recover from the devastating earthquake of 2010 which displaced 1.5 million people and the effects of hurricane sandy in 2012 (social)
-The number of immigrants grew from 1681 in 2010 to 11,072 in 2013 and this continues to rise as Haitians attempt to escape political instability, unemployment, poverty, poor access to education and the country’s appalling human rights record, especially gender based violence (Socio-economic)
-Many intend to join friends and relatives in the southeast of Brazil where low skilled jobs are available in agriculture and the factories of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina (social)
What are the social, political, economic and environmental interdependence factors with Portugal?
-Brazil was a former colony of Portugal and gives special status to Brazilian migrants (political)
-The shared language, ancestry and family ties contribute to the ease at which migrants in both countries can be integrated (Social)
-Reciprocal migration is supported by the well developed social diaspora networks in both countries (social)
-Migrant remittances are an important economic factor for many families (economic)
What is the impact of migration on Brazil’s economic development?
-Immigration over time from Japan and many European countries like Italy, Spain and Germany contributed to increased growth in manufacturing and agriculture
-Currently highly skilled professionals are entering Brazil with employment contracts. These migrants are filling labour gaps which require innovation – something which helps with continued economic growth
-Emigration to Japan, USA and European countries, including Portugal has resulted in migrant remittances being sent home
-The money has been spent on
-Housing improvements
-Education
-General consumption of items
All this helps to develop the economy further
What is the impact of migration on Brazil’s political stability?
-Brazil has a stable political system. It is a member of Mercosur, the G20, OECD and a BRIC economy
-Mercosur is a trading bloc of countries in South America. It allows free flow of trade, money and migrant workers. This integration between countries has created political stability
-Stable political relationships between Brazil and countries with which it has bi-lateral migrant flows e.g. Japan, USA and Portugal
-Brazil’s stable government provides visas and work permits to refugees who have fled from environmental and unstable political situations. They provide well for the welfare of these types of migrants
What is the impact of migration on Brazil’s social inequality?
-There are inequalities in Brazil between different ethnic groups. There are inequalities in access to housing and services. Also attainment in income and education are vastly different. Migrants of African origin are most affected by these inequalities
-There is spatial inequality, the poorest live in rural areas or in the favelas of cities. Favelas are where the poorest migrate to
-Prejudice and discrimination is present in the labour market. This is especially true for black and indigenous members of the population. Full economic, political and social progress will not be achieved until this is addressed
