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Human Geography OCR > CSMP > Flashcards

CSMP Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a place?

A

A space that has been given meaning by an individuals lived experience

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2
Q

What is a space?

A

An area that does not have meaning and exists between spaces

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3
Q

What can perception of place be influenced by?

A

-Age
-Gender
-Sexuality
-Religion
-Role in society

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4
Q

How does age influence your perception of place?

A

-Ageing changes your viewpoint
-Life processes associated with the ageing process also creates a different perception of place e.g. going to university or buying your first house

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5
Q

How does gender influence your perception of place?

A

-Geographies of fear (idea that concerns of safety give meaning to place and these can be steeped in gender) are often based on social perceptions of threat
-Also gender divisions where women were excluded from key spaces create different perceptions of space

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6
Q

How does sexuality influence your perception of place?

A

-Homosexuality is generally viewed as unacceptable in some countries for example in Nigeria there is a ‘same sex marriage prohibition bill’ which allows lengthy prison sentences for those entering into a same sex marriage
-LGBTQ+ communities develop in many major towns and cities as people congregate and cluster together which brings identity to these areas

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7
Q

How does religion influence your perception of place?

A

-Religion leaves an imprint on the human landscape e.g. places of worship
-E.g. each year 10 million people dip in the river Ganges due to its perceived healing/purifying properties (Hinduism)
-Jerusalem represents Judaism’s most sacred site and the ancient capital of the Jewish state
-Jerusalem is the site of Christs crucifixion and resurrection and represents Christianity’s most Holy site
-Jerusalem is also the site of Muhammad’s ‘night journey’ and Islam’s most sacred shine

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8
Q

How does role in society influence your perception of place?

A

-Student
-Sibling
-Cousin
-Daughter/son
-Employee/Employer
-Member of group

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9
Q

What is emotional attachment to a place?

A

-These are the feelings you have towards a place
-Often driven by personal memories but not all feelings are guided by our own experience and thus memory of a place
- We can experience feelings as part of a social group often through culture and nationality

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10
Q

What is Globalisation?

A

The increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of the world economically, socially, culturally and politically

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11
Q

What are ways in which globalisation has taken place?

A

Economically- buying and exchanging goods
-Giving aid to other countries
Socially- Media and film
Politically- united nations
Culturally- music and clothes
-Religion spread across the world
-Media and film

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12
Q

What is evidence of globalisation?

A

-Luxury products like silk and spices were transported across the continent of Asia to European countries (13th-14th century)
-Advances in technology allowed for the increasing movement of goods e.g. potatoes, tomatoes, coffee and chocolate were introduced in Europe- Age of discovery (18thcentury)
-Raw materials traded between imperialist empires, technology advances further (1st wave- 19th century)
-Containerisation, reduces isolationism, high technology. EU and WTO (2nd/3rd wave- post WW2)

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13
Q

What is a global village?

A

When the entire world becomes more interconnected as a result of the propagation of media technologies throughout the world

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14
Q

What is time space compression?

A

A set of processes leading got a ‘shrinking world’ caused by reductions in the relative distance between place

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15
Q

What is an economy?

A

-Production(making)
-Distribution(sharing)
-Consumption(buying) of goods and services in a country

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16
Q

What is the primary sector?

A

Income derived from extracting raw materials from the ground (agriculture, forestry, mining and fishing)

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17
Q

What is the secondary sector?

A

Manufacturing goods from raw materials (automobile, textiles, shipping)

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18
Q

What is the tertiary sector?

A

Service sector e.g. retail, office work, lawyer and teachers

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19
Q

What is the quaternary sector?

A

Industries based on human knowledge e.g. tech, media research

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20
Q

What is structural economic change?

A

Structural economic change refers to dramatic changes in the way a country, industry or market operates, usually brought on by major economic developments e.g. a dramatic shift in a country primary source of income

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21
Q

What were the sectors like historically?

A

-PS was predominant in areas where access to natural resources were high
-SS was geographically close to raw materials but also in areas which had access to imports to export and import goods
-TS tend to be in urban areas where there is a higher demand
-QS was predominant in areas with a high concentration of well educated people e.g. large cities

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22
Q

What is meant by a global shift?

A

This refers to the relocation of job sectors around the world mostly driven by increasing global connections and globalisation

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23
Q

What are nation states?

A

A nation (country) which has its own independent state; the boundaries of the state coincide with the area inhabited by a nation

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24
Q

What are TNCs?

A

These are very large companies with factories and offices in more than one country which markets products and services worldwide

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25
Q

What did a global shift lead to?

A

1- Deindustrialisation in ACs, the growth of TNCs, loss of employment in PS and SS (post industrial societies in which most people work in the TS/QS with high paying jobs)
2-Relocation of industry to LIDCs driven by containerisation, bulk handling, cheaper costs abroad (Low paid labouring jobs in LIDCs

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26
Q

What is containerisation?

A

Standardised transport that issues a common size of steel container to transport goods

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27
Q

What is a comparative advantage?

A

When countries/ regions benefit from specialising in economic activity in which they are more skilled and efficient

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28
Q

What is regeneration?

A

Reversing economic, social and physical decline in areas

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29
Q

What are reasons for global shifts?

A

-Cheaper employment in LIDCs
-TNCs set up operations in LIDCs
- Transnational revolution (containerisation, decreasing cost of shipping)
- Communication revolution ( Broadband, telephones)
-Nation states attracting FDI

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30
Q

What is cyclical economic change?

A

When economic change happens in regular repeated intervals and it is cyclical because it can undergo frequent periods of booms and recessions in economies

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31
Q

What is a Boom?

A

GDP grows

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32
Q

What is a recession (Bust)?

A

GDP falls for longer than 6 months

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33
Q

What are the effects of a boom?

A

-inflation decreasing
-higher disposable income
-higher wages
-job security
-increasing trade between countries
-migration into area
-higher employment rate
-positive multiplier effect
-increasing QOL and SOL

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34
Q

What are the effects of a recession?

A

-cost of living increases
-unemployment rises
- QOL and SOL decreases
- value of the £ falls
-pay cuts
-pay freeze (mostly public sector)
-increased government intervention
-possible tax freezes
-increasing debt
-less investment

35
Q

What is a capitalist economy?

A

A system in which the production of goods and services takes place for profit and thought to be as a result of peoples self interest

36
Q

What is a communist economy?

A

Centrally planned wealth by the government distributed evenly

37
Q

What are transnational governments?

A

A form of governance that reaches across nation state borders involving lots of different countries coordinating on policy making and enforcement e.g. the EU with 22 members

38
Q

What is a national government?

A

A body of governance which can only act within the boundaries of the nation state

39
Q

What are local bodies?

A

Subsets of national governments which have some power over policy e.g. county council, city council or parish council

40
Q

What are methods devised by governments to tackle social/economic inequalities?

A

-Taxation
-Subsides
-Planning
-Law
-Education

41
Q

How does taxation reduce social inequality?

A
  • Taxation is a compulsory contribution to the government and is used to redistribute wealth from more prosperous to less prosperous groups creating a fairer society
    -Most governments have a progressive tax system where the higher the income, the higher the tax paid
    -There are certain things which are tax exempt to help ease the financial burden on the poorest in society e.g. housing benefits, child tax credit, disability living allowance, free tv license over 75 and guardians allowance
42
Q

How do subsides reduce social inequality?

A

-Subsides are a financial contribution also known as a loan or grant
-Subsides allow children in poorer families to receive free school meals (household income is less than £7400), clothing allowances and also help with university fees
-Pensioners may get subsides for fuel and transport
-Other subsides may include free childcare for working or single parents
-Low wage earners, unemployed workers and those with long term disability are entitled to benefits

43
Q

How does planning reduce social inequality?

A

-Governments, charities and housing agencies often give priority to upgrading housing and services in the poorest areas
-Planning is often organised geographically and is targeted at the most deprived areas which may vary in scale form neighbourhoods to entire regions

44
Q

How does the law reduce social inequality?

A

-Legislation exists which outlaws discrimination on racial, ethnic, gender and age criteria and aims to give equal opportunities to all groups
- The poorest groups of workers are protected by minimum wage legislation

45
Q

How does education reduce social inequality?

A

-Governments often provide funding for training and upgrading skills in order to raise skill levels and qualifications, improve employment prospects and boost economic growth
-Education programmes designed to improve personal health are often targeted at the poorest groups in society

46
Q

What are players?

A

Players are individuals, groups of people of formal organisations who can influence or be influenced by the process of change. They operate at different scales and have different levels of power or influence

47
Q

What are some of the key players?

A

-A local charity
-United nations
-Local homeowner
-The European union
-Essex county council
-Business owner

48
Q

What is placemaking?

A

Placemaking is a varied approach to the planning, design and management of public space

49
Q

Who creates places?

A

-Governments
-Planners and architects
-Local community groups

50
Q

What is a GIS?

A

It is a geographical information system and gathers, stores, processes and analyses data which can be plotted on maps

51
Q

What are the responsibilities of the government?

A

-Improving environmental quality
-Attracting foreign direct investment
-Increasing social cohesion
-Reducing crime rates

52
Q

What is foreign direct investment?

A

The inward investment by a foreign country (usually a TNC) in a country

53
Q

Why do governments want to attract FDI?

A

-To advance the economic development of the place
-To create new jobs
-To create competitive, dynamic and globally connected places
-For access to new technology, products, skills and financing
-To become more actively involved in international business activities

54
Q

How do governments attract FDI?

A

-Reinventing a place
-Creating places that are uniquely attractive to talented workers
-Creating infrastructure
-Specific policies

55
Q

Why is design important when placemaking?

A

-It can reflect the history and culture of the place
-Design can also influence how our lives are lived
-Design that pleases people and works well tends to be valued and cared for

56
Q

Who is involved in design?

A

Local authorities:
-Have their own planning departments
-Have a local plan which incorporates all aspects of place in the local area
Individual architects:
-design individual buildings and public spaces e.g. a town square
-designs reflect local history and culture and will also influence how we live our live in that space.

57
Q

What is a 24 hr city?

A

A city that never sleeps

58
Q

What are the key features of a 24 hour city?

A

-Thriving night life
-24/7 services
-Cultural and entertainment events
-Work opportunities
-Safety at night
-Public spaces

59
Q

What is a night czar?

A

A night czar is an appointed individual who advocates for and oversees issues related to a city’s night time economy and culture.

60
Q

What are the key responsibilities of a night czar?

A

-Promoting night life
-Community engagement
-Public safety
-Regulatory issues
-Cultural events
-Economic development

61
Q

What are the benefits of being a 24 hour city?

A

-Economic growth as a result of increased economic activity
-Tourism
-Job opportunities
-Cultural diversity
-Increased tax revenue
-Increased quality of life (more flexible and dynamic)
-Innovation and creativity
-Global competitiveness (more attractive to investors)
-Public safety (implement measures to ensure public safety during night)

62
Q

What can community groups include?

A

-Formal community groups e.g. local resident associations
-Individual pressure groups e.g. schools, churches, councils
-Informal groups e.g. Neighbourhood Watch
-Local businesses / private companies

63
Q

How do local communities shape places?

A

-Groups can hold community events that bring people who inhabit the area together, this also reduces tensions
-They can hold fundraising events and purchase things the local community needs.​
-Heritage associations in particular, ensure the survival of past characteristics.
-resident’s associations keep areas true to their traditional and distinctive character

64
Q

What is digital placemaking and what does it achieve?

A

-Using technology to make public spaces more interesting and interactive
-Social media can help to raise awareness to more people more quickly
-It can get a greater number and variety of people involved
-Peoples opinions can be collected and collated more readily about what planning changes matter to them in their own area

65
Q

What is rebranding?

A

Rebranding is the development aimed at changing negative perceptions of a place making it more attractive to investment

66
Q

What is regeneration?

A

The investment of capital and ideas into an area to revitalise and renew its socio-economic and environmental conditions

67
Q

What is reimaging?

A

Reimaging is the development associated with rebranding and usually involving cultural, artistic or sporting elements

68
Q

What is the process of rebranding?

A

1.Reimaging (Creating a new mental image of a place through culture: architecture, sport, music)
2.Rebranding (Marketing a place to give it a new identity in the eyes of residents, potential investors and visitors)
3.Regeneration (A long-term process of improving the economic, social and environmental aspects of a place)

69
Q

What is brand artefact?

A

This is the urban environment including buildings, built environment and removal of old buildings or character features

70
Q

What is brand essence?

A

This is peoples experience of the place including living, working, visiting and talking about the city

71
Q

What is brandscape?

A

This is how the place positions itself in relation to other competitor places

72
Q

What is gentrification?

A

Gentrification is the process whereby the character of a poor urban area is changed by wealthier people moving in, improving housing, and attracting new businesses, often displacing current inhabitants in the process

73
Q

What is market led?

A

Involves private investors aiming to make a profit. Typically includes property developers, builders and business owners, e.g. those running restaurants, wine bars and retailing. Gentrification is typical of this strategy such as Islington, London.

74
Q

What is top down?

A

Involves large scale organisations such as local authorities especially their planning departments, development agencies and private investors such as insurance and pension fund managers. Several former dockland areas such as Salford Quays and Manchester.

75
Q

What is flagship development?

A

This is a large scale, one off property projects with distinctive architecture. They act as a catalyst to attract further investment and regeneration. The millennium stadium, Cardiff and The Waterfront.

76
Q

What is Legacy?

A

Following international sporting events which brought investment and regeneration to place. E.g. Olympics in 2012 (London) and 2016 (Rio de Janeiro)

77
Q

What are events and themes?

A

Major festivals such as those associated with the European capital of culture e.g. Liverpool 2008. This serves as a catalyst for the cultural development and the transformation of the city. Consequently the beneficial socio economic development and impact for the chosen city are now also considered in determining the chosen cities.

78
Q

How is architecture involved in the rebranding process?

A

Nearly always plays a role and can be used to reinforce a particular heritage look or to promote the place as modern or forward looking. E.g. the convent garden in central London. It can also alter how people use a place and thus change its image.

79
Q

How is heritage use involved in the rebranding process?

A

Can revitalise a place

80
Q

How is retail involved in the rebranding process?

A

With the growth in the importance of consumer spending and the increased emphasis given to the shopping experience, rebranding can be aided by retail development. E.g. the flagship Selfridges store opened in 2003 has become an icon of the rebranding of central Birmingham. Dubai has sought to raise its international profile through the shopping experiences it offers.

81
Q

How is art involved in the rebranding process?

A

Art events such as the Edinburgh and Glastonbury Festivals contribute both economically and culturally to the image of the place where they are based

82
Q

How is sport involved in the rebranding process?

A

Major international sporting events such as the Olympic games or a world cup can be the catalyst that helps kick start rebranding. Bahrain has been very keen to establish itself on the F1 list of races as part of the rebranding of the place as a major hub at the global scale.

83
Q

How is food involved in the rebranding process?

A

Some places have developed a reputation of high quality food to help in their rebranding. Ludlow a small market town in Shropshire has become known as the food town. It has several restaurants with international reputations for fine dining, many specialist food shops and food festivals.

Human Geography OCR (14 decks)

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