HR-India (women's rights) Flashcards
Where is India located?
India is located to the east of the Arabian sea bordering other countries such as Bangladesh and Nepal which are located along the north east of India border.
What are some facts about India?
-It is an EDC
-Is one of the world’s fastest growing economies
-It is a BRICS economy (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa)
-It has a rapidly growing population (1.4 billion- currently has the worlds largest population as of April 2023)
-It is ranked 112 out of 153 countries in the GGGI
What are some of the gender inequalities that are apparent in the country?
-Violence against women
-Modern slavery
-Property ownership
-Employment opportunity
-Discrimination in the workplace
-Political participation
-Access to health care
-Access to education
How is gender inequality in violence against women shown in India?
-28.7% of women experience gender violence in their lifetime
-In 2017 the most prevalent of crimes against women in India were cruelty by husband and his relatives (31.9%), assault on women (27.6%) and kidnapping and abduction of women (22.5)
How is gender inequality in modern slavery shown in India?
How is gender inequality in property ownership shown in India?
-There has been process towards improving female property and inheritance right by law and is important in terms of economic empowerment for women
-Women’s rights in ownership of land and property are very limited with inheritance still invariably patriarchal especially in rural communities
How is gender inequality in employment opportunities shown in India?
-Women have limited access to employment opportunities and are expected to stay at home, raise children, conduct domestic chores and work in subsistence farming
-Even women who have received secondary or tertiary education, still do not enter the workforce finding it hard not to conform to social norms of marriage and immediate motherhood
How is discrimination in the workplace shown in India?
-Maternity benefits are denied by many employers and most women do not return to work after childbirth
-In Delhi only 25% of married women return to work after childbirth, including those who can afford to pay for childcare
-There is social conditioning that it is the women’s responsibility to bring up their children
-Only 13.8% of board members of listed companies are women
How is gender inequality in political participation shown in India?
-Only 11.4% of seats held in the upper house, compared with 88.6% held by men
How is gender inequality for access to healthcare shown in India?
-Even by 2020, there continued to be extreme gender discrimination against women in access to health care
-Access varies depending on the reproductive age of the women, distance to hospital, cost of travel, number of doctors and medical facilities available and government spending especially in rural areas
How is gender inequality for access to education shown in India?
Transition to or completion of secondary education is affected by restrictive factors especially in poorer communities such as family requirements for girls to contribute to housework and agricultural work, provision of safe, securing learning environment in school and continued prevalence of child marriage
What are the consequences of gender inequality on society?
-Murder and disfigurement (2018 saw 7166 dowry related deaths and affect the poorer people a lot more/Honour killings if a girl refuses to agree to an arranged marriage)
-Domestic and sexual violence at home
-High MMR
-Limited education (especially the rural poor)
-Poverty (especially the rural poor)
-Sex- selective abortions or forced sterilisation schemes
-Limited access to work creates dependency on husbands
What is evidence of changing norms and strategies to address gender inequality issues in India?
-Legislative changes
-Increasing Participation of Women in Education and Workforce
-Women’s Empowerment Programs
-Media and Cultural Shifts
-Rise of Feminist Movements
-Corporate Initiatives
-Increased Awareness and Education
What are the social factors influencing female educational participation in developing countries?
-Early pregnancy
-The prevalence of child marriage
-Household obligations often fall on the eldest girl when the family burden of work increases because of male out-migration
-Negative classroom environments in which girls face violence, exploitation and corporal punishment
-Inadequate sanitation in schools which do not offer private or separate latrines
-Impact of girls being exploited for child labour
-Insufficient number of female teachers
-Differing levels of support for education by different religions
What are the economic factors influencing female educational participation in developing countries?
-Costs may prohibit all children in a family from continuing in secondary education; it is usually the girls that suffer
-Insufficient government investment
