Migration

Question 1

What are the three types of migrant?

Answer 1

Asylum seekers.
Refugees.
Economic migrants.

Question 2

What are asylum seekers?

Answer 2

A person who has fled their country of origin, seeking asylum under the grounds that they are unable to return to their country of origin due to fear of death or prosecution. Oftentimes, asylum seekers are waiting for refugee status to be approved.

Question 3

What is a refugee?

Answer 3

A person feeling due to civil war or a natural disaster, not necessarily due to fear of death or prosecution. Legally, a refugee is an esylum seeker who have been granted refugee status in a new country to live there permanently.

Question 4

What is an economic migrant?

Answer 4

A person who has voulantarily left their country of origin to seek, by lawful or unlawful means, employment in another country.

Question 5

What is the geographical definition of international migration?

Answer 5

The movement of people across a specified boundary in order to establish a new permanent or semi-permanent residence.

Question 6

According to the UN, in 2019, what percentage of the global population were international migrants?

Answer 6

3.5%.

Question 7

What is the cause for majority of international migration?

Answer 7

In search of better social or economic oppurtunities.

Question 8

Which types of countries does the majority of migration happen between?

Answer 8

From LICs to HICs

Question 9

According to the UN, in 2019, which country had the largest immigrant population, and how many were there?

Answer 9

The USA, with a immigrant population of 51 million.

Question 10

According to the UN, what percentage of all international migrants were of working age (20-64) in 2019?

Answer 10

74%.

Question 11

What are some push factors for migration?

Answer 11

War, conflict.
Political instability.
Economic crisis.
Ethnic and religious persecution.
Natural and man-made disasters.
Poverty.
Unemployment.
Low wages / poor working conditions and legislation.
Limited oppurtunities.
Shortage of food, water.
Poor healthcare.

Question 12

What are some pull factors of migration?

Answer 12

Better standard of living and quality of life.
Varied employment oppurtunities.
Higher wages.
Better healthcare.
Better education.
Political stability.
Better life prospects.
Type of environment, e.g coast or countryside, hot or cold.

Question 13

Where did majority of migrants come from during Europes ‘migrant crisis’ in 2015-16?

Answer 13

Syria.

Question 14

What does Lee’s push-pull model of migration present?

Answer 14

The evaluation of positive, negative and neutral factors between country of origin and destination, whilst also considering the intervening obstacles en route.

Question 15

How has globalisation increased international migration?

Answer 15

More skilled workers are required to work abroad, especially for TNCs.
Wealthier countries may encourage immigration of skilled workers to fill skill shortages.

Question 16

What change did the UK government make to visa routes in 2020, to encourage immigration of skilled workers?

Answer 16

They replaced the Tier 2 General visa with the Skilled Worker visa.

Question 17

What is brain drain?

Answer 17

The emigration of highly skilled and educated indviduals from one country to another.

Question 18

What causes brain drain?

Answer 18

Change in fiscal policy, fall in real wage, political instability, lack of oppurtunities.

Question 19

Who economically benefits most from immigration?

Answer 19

HICs, at the cost of LDEs tax revenue and economic growth.
Remittances can help to balance this.

Question 20

What are the demographic impacts of international migration on the country of origin?

Answer 20

Lower birth rates as people of child bearing age leave.
Loss of population of working age.
Population strucutre - ageing population will remain.

Question 21

What are the demographic impacts of international migration on the destination country?

Answer 21

Balance of population structure - if previous ageing population.
Migrants in reproductive age groups means an increase in birth rates.
Increase in working age population.

Question 22

What are the social impacts of international migration on the country of origin?

Answer 22

Reduced pressure on healthcare and education.
Loss of culture.
Brain drain.
Break-up of communities.

Question 23

What are the social impacts of international migration on the destination country?

Answer 23

Cultural advantages such as new foods, music, fashion etc.
Increased pressure on healthcare and education.
Rise of ethnic and racial tensions.
Potential increase in crime.
Segregation.

Question 24

What are the economic impacts of international migration on the country of origin?

Answer 24

Reduced pressure on resources, food, water.
Less unemployment.
Remittance income.
Brain drain.
Dependancy on remittances.
Less productivity.
Decline in services.

Question 25

What are the economic impacts of international migration on the destination country?

Answer 25

Overcomes any labour / specific skill shortages. Increased competition. Increased tax revenue. Increased workforce. Increased productivity. Reduced dependancy.

Question 26

What are the political impacts of international migration on the country of origin?

Answer 26

Pressure to re-develop areas in decline. May introduce pro-natal policies or incentives to retain skilled workers. (Over-populated countries) May encourage emigration to gain socio-economic advantages.

Question 27

What are the political impacts of international migration on the destination country?

Answer 27

Pressures to control migration. Rise of anti-immigration parties e.g Reform. Growth of right-wing racist organisations e.g Italy's 'Brothers of Italy, FdI', Germany's 'Alternative for Deutschland, AfD', Britain's Reform.

Question 28

What are the environmental impacts of international migration on the country of origin?

Answer 28

Farmland, buildings and sometimes whole villages may be abandoned. Less environmental management. Often less contribution to greenhouse gases as productivity is reduced.

Question 29

What are the environmental impacts of international migration on the destination country?

Answer 29

Pressure on land for development and infrastructure. Increased demand for energy, water and food puts pressure on natural resources. Increased productivity often emits more greenhouse gases.

Question 30

What are the health impacts of international migration on the country of origin?

Answer 30

Migrants leave areas with infectious diseases. Less pressure on health services. Demographics of migration mean that the most vulnerable remain at risk. Increased pressure on health services as doctors and other medically trained staff leave.

Question 31

What are the health impacts of international migration on the destination country?

Answer 31

Spread of communicable diseases may become more likely as migrants move from areas of higher prevelance. Increased pressure on health services. Increased pressure on health services to treat diseases.