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Population and the Environment > Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) > Flashcards

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) Flashcards

1
Q

What is CHD also commonly known as?

A

Ischaemic Heart Disease.

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2
Q

How many deaths does CHD account for annually?

A

7.5million

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3
Q

What place is CHD in causes of deaths worldwide?

A

It is the leading cause of death globally.

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4
Q

What is the general trend of CHD rates across populations?

A

Rates vary massively due to a numbver of risk factors.

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5
Q

How does a heart attack occur?

A

When blood vessels supplying the heart becomes blocked, starving it of oxygen and leading to heart failure or death.

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6
Q

Physical Environment: Studies from the US show that what from industry and transport increases the risk of CHD?

A

Air Pollutants.

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7
Q

Physical Environment: Which areas indicate a lower risk to air pollution? and why?

A

Rural areas due to less exposion to industrial and transportational fumes.
(There is no clear evidence of this in the developed world)

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8
Q

Physical Environment: According to a study done in the UK, which areas provided higher CHD mortality rates?

A

Areas with lower average temperature and lower average hours of sunshine.

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9
Q

Physical Environment: What has a negative impact on the cardiorespiratory system?

A

Cold and damp winters.

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10
Q

Physical Environment: Are there direct links between landscape and CHD risks?

A

NO.

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11
Q

Physical Environment: How can a challenging relief be a negative factor towards CHD?

A

It can pose a threat for individuals with underlying risks.

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12
Q

Physical Environment: How can a challenging relief be a positive facotr towards CHD?

A

Increases excersise and activity which reduces the risk.

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13
Q

Physical Environment: What factor does the example of Japan include?

A

Lifestyle choices.

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14
Q

Physical Environment: How does Japanese diet help reduce the risks of CHD? And how does it link to other factors?

A

Japanese diet of lots of fish (which contain omega-3 which helps reduce triglycerides which reduces the risk of an irregular heartbeat) This is heavily influenced by Japanese physical environment and therefore culture.

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15
Q

Physical Environment: How do studies show how sociotel influences are more influentual in Japan than lifestyle factors?

A

Japanese migrants to the USA have, over time, adopted American values, diets, lifestyle habits and therefore increased CHD rates.

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16
Q

Socio-Economic Environment: In which type of countries are socio-economic factors and lifestyle choices more important as risks to CHD?

A

In developed countries, HIC’s.

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17
Q

Socio-Economic Environment: Give one example of a HIC which experiences socio-economic factors contributing to prevelence of CHD.

A

For one third of all CHD-related deaths in England, poor diet and negative lifestyle are held accountable.

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18
Q

Socio-Economic Environment: How does age impact CHD prevelance?

A

CHD risk increases with age.

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19
Q

Socio-Economic Environment: How does social deprevation increase risk of CHD?

A

There is a positive correlation between deaths from circulatory diseases and deprevation (For example in London, those living in Tower Hamlets have a 3x increased risk of dying prematurely from CHD than those living in Kensington and Chelsea.

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20
Q

Socio-Economic Environment: How does tabacco use increase risk of CHD?

A

Mortality in from CHD is 60% higher in smokers.

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21
Q

Socio-Economic Environment: How does alchohol use increase risk of CHD?

A

WHO report estimates that 2% of CHD in men in developed countries is due to excessive alchohol consumption.

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22
Q

Socio-Economic Environment: How does high blood pressure increase the risk of CHD?

A

22% of heart attacks in Western Europe were due to hypertension, which doubles the risk of a heart attacks.

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23
Q

Socio-Economic Environment: How does High cholestrol increase the risk of CHD?

A

45% of heart attacks in Western Europe are due to abnormal blood lipids.

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24
Q

Socio-Economic Environment: How does poor nutrition increase the risk of CHD?

A

A WHO report stated that a diet high in saturated fat, sodium and sugar and low in complex carbohydrates, fruit and vegetables increases CHD risk.

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25
Q

Socio-Economic Environment: How does obesity increase the risk of CHD?

A

Obesity is an independent risk factor for CHD as the buildup of fatty materials in arteries causes the heart to have to work overtime to supply the healthy amount of blood. Obesity is often associated with other factors such as high blood pressure, high cholestoral and diabetes.

26
Q

Socio-Economic Environment: How does Diabetes increase the risk of CHD?

A

Men with type 2 diabetes have a two to four times risk of contracting CHD; women have three to five times greater risk.

27
Q

Socio-Economic Environment: How does infrequent excercise increase the risk of CHD?

A

Physical activity reduces the risk; a WHO report estimates that over 20% of CHD in developed nations is caused by physical inactivity.

28
Q

Socio-Economic Environment: How does ethnicity increase the risk of CHD?

A

South Asian people moving to more developed regions have a higher premature death rate from CHD (which may be caused from deprivation) than that of immigrants from West Africa and the Caribbean.

29
Q

Socio-Economic Environment: How does family history increase the risk of CHD?

A

First degree relatives of patients with premature heart attacks have double the risks themselves.

30
Q

Urbanisation and Cardiovascular Diseases: According to the World Heart Federation, what is an increasing risk to CHD in developing societies?

A

Rapid urbanisation.

31
Q

Urbanisation and Cardiovascular Diseases: How does crowded living environments increase risk of CHD?

A

Diseases can spread quickly such as rheumatic fever which if left untreated can cause rheumatic heart disease

32
Q

Urbanisation and Cardiovascular Diseases: How does areas with poor housing conditions increase the risk of CHD?

A

In risk of environmental toxins and pollutants.

33
Q

Urbanisation and Cardiovascular Diseases: How does poor access to healthcare increase risk of CHD?

A

Without healthcare assistance, many live with CHD unknowingly or increase the risk of contracting CHD without knowing.

34
Q

Urbanisation and Cardiovascular Diseases: Name 3 reasons why living in urban areas increases the risk of CHD.

A

City dwellers are likely to be exposed to marketing for unhealthy foods, tobacco and alcohol.
Higher levels of air pollution.
May discourage physical activity and encourage statuatory lifestyles.
Children may be at risk of second-hand smoke.
Crowded living conditions.

35
Q

Impacts of CHD on Health and Wellbeing: What is the most common symptom of CHD and what is it?

A

Angina, a low level but consistent chest pain which can spread to other parts of the upper body.

36
Q

Impacts of CHD on Health and Wellbeing: How can angina be relieved?

A

With nitrate tablets or sprays.

37
Q

Impacts of CHD on Health and Wellbeing: When will the effects of angina be heightened?

A

When the heart is under pressure, such as physical activity.

38
Q

Impacts of CHD on Health and Wellbeing: Aside from angina, name two symptoms of CHD.

A

Heart failure or heart attacks.

39
Q

Impacts of CHD on Health and Wellbeing: What is the impact of heart attacks on the body?

A

They can permanently damange the heart muscle and if not treated right away, can be fatal.

40
Q

Impacts of CHD on Health and Wellbeing: When does heart failure occur?

A

When the heart becomes too weak to pump blood around the body.

41
Q

Impacts of CHD on Health and Wellbeing: What is an impact of heart failure on the body?

A

Fluid can build up in the lungs following a weak heart and this can increase difficulty to breathe.

42
Q

Impacts of CHD on Health and Wellbeing: How can heart attacks be treated?

A

With heart bypass surgery which will reduce the risk of it happening again.

43
Q

Impacts of CHD on Health and Wellbeing: What are the disadvantages of heart bypass surgery?

A

It is stressful and can be risky.

44
Q

Impacts of CHD on Health and Wellbeing: How can heart attacks be treated?

A

With rehabilitation programmes which focus on excersise, education, lifestyle choices and relaxation/ emotional support.

45
Q

Impacts of CHD on Health and Wellbeing: What may CHD sufferers be advised to do for the rest of their lives?

A

Take medication, often warfain (a blood thinner) which may have side effects. In major cases, electronic devices are fitted to patients to regulate heart beat and flow.

46
Q

Impacts of CHD on economic Well-Being: In 2009 how much is CHD estimated to have cost the UK healthcare system?

A

£8.7 billion.

47
Q

Impacts of CHD on economic Well-Being: In 2009 how much is CHD estimated to have cost the UK economy?

A

£19 billion.

48
Q

Impacts of CHD on economic Well-Being: According to the WHO, how much is smoking-related illnesses estimated to cost the globe annually?

A

US$200 billion.

49
Q

Impacts of CHD on economic Well-Being: According to the WHO, in 2000, what was the cost of heart treatments for people aged over 65 in the USA?

A

US$76 million.

50
Q

Prevention of CHD: In the UK, what food types do dieticians promote for heart health benefits?

A

Oily fish (which contain omega-3 which helps reduce triglycerides which reduces the risk of an irregular heartbeat), fruit and vegetables and less saturated fats.

51
Q

Prevention of CHD: In Finland, what has led to population-wide reductions in cholesterol levels and a sharp decline in heart disease?

A

Community based interventions including health education and nutrition labelling.

52
Q

Prevention of CHD: In Japan, what has reduced blood pressure levels within the population?

A

Governement-led health education campaigns and increased treatment of high blood pressure.

53
Q

Prevention of CHD: In New Zealand, what has led to a reduction in salt content in processed foods?

A

The introduction of recognisable logos for healthy foods, causing companies to reformulate their products.

54
Q

Prevention of CHD: In Mauritius, what has brought down cholestoral levels? And what has been a result?

A

From switching from palm oil to soya oil for cooking. Obesity has been unaffected.

55
Q

Health Education: What activities did the WHO promote in schools on World Health Day?

A

Blood pressure testing
Activities engaging the general public in physical acivity.
Scientific Conferences
Activities promoting a healthy-heart diet.

56
Q

Health Education: From years 2000 to 2015, what has the number of countries participating in World Heart Day increased by?

A

63 in 2000, to over 120 in 2015.

57
Q

Health Education: What was the WHO’s World Health Day introduced for?

A

To assist schools around the world in promoting healthy choices such as providing healthy diets, prohibiting smoking and allowing oppurtunities to excersise.

58
Q

Policies and Legislation: What is the most common legislation?

A

Reducing tobacco smoking (which has clear links to reducing heart disease)

59
Q

Health Education: What other legislation is implemented to reduce CHD risks?

A

Advertising bans, smoke-free areas, health warnings on packaging, taxation, and outright bans.

60
Q

Health Education: When was the smoking ban implemented in Singapore?

A

1970.

61
Q

Health Education: How long after the smoking ban in Singapore did the Uk implement their own smoking ban?

A

37 years, in 2007.

62
Q
A

Population and the Environment (9 decks)

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