Migrantion & Conflict Flashcards
Part 1. Define migration and its 2 types
Migration
Someone who changes his/her country of usual residence
2 types of migration
Short term 3-12 months
Long term 12>
Part 2: understand
Global migration trends
Increased, but stable as a proportion of the world’s population
Where do migrants live? %
Europe (30%) and North America (22%), contribute to over half migration
They migrate into high income countries
Where do most migrants come from? And %
Asia (over 40%)
Male/female gender distribution of migrants %
Even. 52% men 48% female
What % are of working age? 20-64
74%
Part 3: Drivers of migration
2 categories of migration
Voluntary: maximise individual potential
Forced: in response to conflict and violence
Refugee
Migrants that leave their country due to well-founded fear.
3 elements for why people leave home
Macro
Meso
Micro
Macro-elements and examples
Factors that are common to all potential migrants e.g job opportunities, population density, political i.e discrimination
Traditional determinants of migration
Meso-elements and examples
Sub-national or local factors -> closely related to the individual but not completely under their control (e.g. technology, social networks, cost of moving).
Obstacles/facilitators of migration
Micro-elements and examples
Individual and household characteristics of potential migrants -> personal characteristics and attitudes (e.g. age, gender, education, risk aversion, income etc.) .
Determine the self-selection of migrants
Note: aspiration to migrate does not automatically lead to intention to migrate, nor a final movement.
E.g poorest individuals do not have the means to escape war and poverty and remain trapped in their country.
General cycle of characteristics needed/ play a significant role in deciding whether to migrate or not
Social>economic>human capital play a role.
Part 4: Migration and Conflict
Asylum applications trend
Increased
Where are the most refugees from?(NOT MIGRANTS IN GENERAL) (4)
And what continent do they go to the most?
Syria, South Sudan, Myanmar and Somalia
- Europe received 76% of asylum applications from 1982-2018
4 drivers of asylum applications (migration for refugees, not including voluntary migration)
Violence and conflict
Proximity
Networks at destination
Immigration policies at destination
Proximity
Most migrants move to contiguous countries- movements beyond countries are constrained by costs
Networks at destination
The stock of previous migrant flows influence asylum seeker flows
Immigration policies at destination
Border controls and processing policies have deterrent effects.
I.e if easy to gain permanent settlement, then that is a driver
What is there weak evidence of?
Weak evidence that a fall in income per capita leads to more asylum applications.
So income is not a driver of asylum! (Although it does play a part in voluntary migration)