Migrantion & Conflict

Question 1

Part 1. Define migration and its 2 types

Migration

Answer 1

Someone who changes his/her country of usual residence

Question 2

2 types of migration

Answer 2

Short term 3-12 months
Long term 12>

Question 3

Part 2: understand

Global migration trends

Answer 3

Increased, but stable as a proportion of the world’s population

Question 4

Where do migrants live? %

Answer 4

Europe (30%) and North America (22%), contribute to over half migration

They migrate into high income countries

Question 5

Where do most migrants come from? And %

Answer 5

Asia (over 40%)

Question 6

Male/female gender distribution of migrants %

Answer 6

Even. 52% men 48% female

Question 7

What % are of working age? 20-64

Answer 7

74%

Question 8

Part 3: Drivers of migration

Question 9

2 categories of migration

Answer 9

Voluntary: maximise individual potential
Forced: in response to conflict and violence

Question 10

Refugee

Answer 10

Migrants that leave their country due to well-founded fear.

Question 11

3 elements for why people leave home

Answer 11

Macro
Meso
Micro

Question 12

Macro-elements and examples

Answer 12

Factors that are common to all potential migrants e.g job opportunities, population density, political i.e discrimination

Traditional determinants of migration

Question 13

Meso-elements and examples

Answer 13

Sub-national or local factors -> closely related to the individual but not completely under their control (e.g. technology, social networks, cost of moving).

Obstacles/facilitators of migration

Question 14

Micro-elements and examples

Answer 14

Individual and household characteristics of potential migrants -> personal characteristics and attitudes (e.g. age, gender, education, risk aversion, income etc.) .

Determine the self-selection of migrants

Question 15

Note: aspiration to migrate does not automatically lead to intention to migrate, nor a final movement.
E.g poorest individuals do not have the means to escape war and poverty and remain trapped in their country.

Question 16

General cycle of characteristics needed/ play a significant role in deciding whether to migrate or not

Answer 16

Social>economic>human capital play a role.

Question 17

Part 4: Migration and Conflict

Question 18

Asylum applications trend

Answer 18

Increased

Question 19

Where are the most refugees from?(NOT MIGRANTS IN GENERAL) (4)

And what continent do they go to the most?

Answer 19

Syria, South Sudan, Myanmar and Somalia

2. Europe received 76% of asylum applications from 1982-2018

Question 20

4 drivers of asylum applications (migration for refugees, not including voluntary migration)

Answer 20

Violence and conflict
Proximity
Networks at destination
Immigration policies at destination

Question 21

Proximity

Answer 21

Most migrants move to contiguous countries- movements beyond countries are constrained by costs

Question 22

Networks at destination

Answer 22

The stock of previous migrant flows influence asylum seeker flows

Question 23

Immigration policies at destination

Answer 23

Border controls and processing policies have deterrent effects.

I.e if easy to gain permanent settlement, then that is a driver

Question 24

What is there weak evidence of?

Answer 24

Weak evidence that a fall in income per capita leads to more asylum applications.

So income is not a driver of asylum! (Although it does play a part in voluntary migration)

Question 25

Graph to show impacts of migration at country of destination

Answer 25

Use standard CD production function

Assuming homogeneity in labour…
Implications:
Decreasing marginal product, so decrease in wage in destination, and increase in unemployment.

Question 26

However… evidence find insufficient evidence on what?

Answer 26

No significant effect of migration on wages

Question 27

What is the main driver of immigration on the labour market?

Answer 27

The extent to which immigrants and native born are substitutes- the previous model assumes perfect substitutes (homogeneity)

Question 28

To explore whether migrants are perfect substitutes to domestic born…

Answer 28

Migrants are on 2 extremes of employment. (So a change in supply of heterogenous workers)

Immigrants and natives perform different tasks

Native workers and firms shift their choices in response to immigration

Positive externalities of cultural diversity

A lot of high school dropouts, but. A lot gain PHD with STEM occupation

Question 29

Tasks of immigrants and natives, with high/low eduction

Answer 29

Immigrants and natives are likely to perform different tasks

If both low education: immigrants-manual tasks natives-communication/interaction tasks as can speak lanaguage

If both high education- immigrants- math/analytical tasks. Natives-managerial/communication tasks

Question 30

Evidence on this….: in accommodation, agriculture, construction and technology

Answer 30

In accommodation industry: 40% maids immigrants 16% native born

Agriculture industry- immigrants are low-skilled farm workers
Native-farmers and ranchers

Construction industry: Native-managers immigrants-labourers

Tech industry- immigrants-software engineers natives-supports specialists/communications

Question 31

Native workers and firms shift their choices in response to immigration

Answer 31

Behavioural responses enhance complementarity off reduce competition between natives and immigrants of similar education levels, i.e by moving natives to communication tasks while immigrants take the manual (low ed.) or analytical (high ed.) jobs

Question 32

Immigrants should be viewed as a change in supply of heterogenous workers: evidence?

Answer 32

A lot of high school dropouts, but. A lot gain PHD with STEM occupation

Question 33

Positive externalities of cultural diversity

Answer 33

The inflow of highly educated creates spillovers and promotes innovation (entrepreneurship)

Question 34

Next;; cash aid vs in-kind aid

Answer 34

Cash aids creates positive income spillovers to host-country businesses and households. Increases real income by $205-253 annually (injection)

In-kind aid: refugees sell all or part of their allotments OUTSIDE the camp. Increases real income by $25 annually.
(Withdrawal)

Question 35

Where are the most anti-immigration views

Answer 35

Countries with high immigration e.g Germany, UK

Question 36

What are anti-immigration views driven by:

Answer 36

A nationalist vote in response to general economic hardship

Immigration perceived as a threat to national culture e.g shifts in religion, ethnicity and cultural practices

Question 37

Policy implications on global migration:

Pros and cons of border controls (1,1)

Answer 37

Tighter border controls reduce unpopular illegal migration, but also reduce economic migrants and genuine refugees

Question 38

What should a global migration regime favour. And what must be controlled?

Answer 38

Global efficiency gains
(Knowledge transfers etc)

The pace of migration must be controlled though, but illegal immigration is difficult to control.

Question 39

What is governments priority in migration policy?

Answer 39

Promoting orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration.