Migrantion & Conflict Flashcards
Part 1. Define migration and its 2 types
Migration
Someone who changes his/her country of usual residence
2 types of migration
Short term 3-12 months
Long term 12>
Part 2: understand
Global migration trends
Increased, but stable as a proportion of the world’s population
Where do migrants live? %
Europe (30%) and North America (22%), contribute to over half migration
They migrate into high income countries
Where do most migrants come from? And %
Asia (over 40%)
Male/female gender distribution of migrants %
Even. 52% men 48% female
What % are of working age? 20-64
74%
Part 3: Drivers of migration
2 categories of migration
Voluntary: maximise individual potential
Forced: in response to conflict and violence
Refugee
Migrants that leave their country due to well-founded fear.
3 elements for why people leave home
Macro
Meso
Micro
Macro-elements and examples
Factors that are common to all potential migrants e.g job opportunities, population density, political i.e discrimination
Traditional determinants of migration
Meso-elements and examples
Sub-national or local factors -> closely related to the individual but not completely under their control (e.g. technology, social networks, cost of moving).
Obstacles/facilitators of migration
Micro-elements and examples
Individual and household characteristics of potential migrants -> personal characteristics and attitudes (e.g. age, gender, education, risk aversion, income etc.) .
Determine the self-selection of migrants
Note: aspiration to migrate does not automatically lead to intention to migrate, nor a final movement.
E.g poorest individuals do not have the means to escape war and poverty and remain trapped in their country.
General cycle of characteristics needed/ play a significant role in deciding whether to migrate or not
Social>economic>human capital play a role.
Part 4: Migration and Conflict
Asylum applications trend
Increased
Where are the most refugees from?(NOT MIGRANTS IN GENERAL) (4)
And what continent do they go to the most?
Syria, South Sudan, Myanmar and Somalia
- Europe received 76% of asylum applications from 1982-2018
4 drivers of asylum applications (migration for refugees, not including voluntary migration)
Violence and conflict
Proximity
Networks at destination
Immigration policies at destination
Proximity
Most migrants move to contiguous countries- movements beyond countries are constrained by costs
Networks at destination
The stock of previous migrant flows influence asylum seeker flows
Immigration policies at destination
Border controls and processing policies have deterrent effects.
I.e if easy to gain permanent settlement, then that is a driver
What is there weak evidence of?
Weak evidence that a fall in income per capita leads to more asylum applications.
So income is not a driver of asylum! (Although it does play a part in voluntary migration)
Graph to show impacts of migration at country of destination
Use standard CD production function
Assuming homogeneity in labour…
Implications:
Decreasing marginal product, so decrease in wage in destination, and increase in unemployment.
However… evidence find insufficient evidence on what?
No significant effect of migration on wages
What is the main driver of immigration on the labour market?
The extent to which immigrants and native born are substitutes- the previous model assumes perfect substitutes (homogeneity)
To explore whether migrants are perfect substitutes to domestic born…
Migrants are on 2 extremes of employment. (So a change in supply of heterogenous workers)
Immigrants and natives perform different tasks
Native workers and firms shift their choices in response to immigration
Positive externalities of cultural diversity
A lot of high school dropouts, but. A lot gain PHD with STEM occupation
Tasks of immigrants and natives, with high/low eduction
Immigrants and natives are likely to perform different tasks
If both low education: immigrants-manual tasks natives-communication/interaction tasks as can speak lanaguage
If both high education- immigrants- math/analytical tasks. Natives-managerial/communication tasks
Evidence on this….: in accommodation, agriculture, construction and technology
In accommodation industry: 40% maids immigrants 16% native born
Agriculture industry- immigrants are low-skilled farm workers
Native-farmers and ranchers
Construction industry: Native-managers immigrants-labourers
Tech industry- immigrants-software engineers natives-supports specialists/communications
Native workers and firms shift their choices in response to immigration
Behavioural responses enhance complementarity off reduce competition between natives and immigrants of similar education levels, i.e by moving natives to communication tasks while immigrants take the manual (low ed.) or analytical (high ed.) jobs
Immigrants should be viewed as a change in supply of heterogenous workers: evidence?
A lot of high school dropouts, but. A lot gain PHD with STEM occupation
Positive externalities of cultural diversity
The inflow of highly educated creates spillovers and promotes innovation (entrepreneurship)
Next;; cash aid vs in-kind aid
Cash aids creates positive income spillovers to host-country businesses and households. Increases real income by $205-253 annually (injection)
In-kind aid: refugees sell all or part of their allotments OUTSIDE the camp. Increases real income by $25 annually.
(Withdrawal)
Where are the most anti-immigration views
Countries with high immigration e.g Germany, UK
What are anti-immigration views driven by:
A nationalist vote in response to general economic hardship
Immigration perceived as a threat to national culture e.g shifts in religion, ethnicity and cultural practices
Policy implications on global migration:
Pros and cons of border controls (1,1)
Tighter border controls reduce unpopular illegal migration, but also reduce economic migrants and genuine refugees
What should a global migration regime favour. And what must be controlled?
Global efficiency gains
(Knowledge transfers etc)
The pace of migration must be controlled though, but illegal immigration is difficult to control.
What is governments priority in migration policy?
Promoting orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration.
