MIDTERMS bld and hematopoeisis pt 2 Flashcards
viral or fungal infection, tuberculosis, some leukemias, some chronic diseases
monocytosis
bacterial infection, burn, stress, inflammation
neutrophilia
viral infection, some leukemias
lymphocytosis
allergic reactions, parasitic infection, autoimmune diseases
eosinophilia
allergic reaction, leukemias, cancers, hypothyroidism
basophilia
radiation exposure, durg toxicity, vitamin b12 def, systemic lupus erythematosus
neutropenia
prolonged illness, immunosupression, treatment with cortisol
lymphocytopenia
bone marrow suppression, treatment with cortisol
monocytopenia
drug toxicity and stress
eosinopenia
pregnancy, ovulation, stress and hyperthyroidism
basopenia
granules are smaller, evenly distributed
neutrophils
has stain of pale lilac
neutrophil
has a lobe of 2-5 lobe
neutrophil
most abundant wbc
neutrophil
neutral loving wbc
neutrophil
neutrophil is also known as
polymorphonuclear leukocyte
stain of basophil
blue purple w basic dye
stain of eosinophil
red-orange w acidic dye
lobe of eos
2 lobes
percent of eos
0.5-1%
large uniforme sized granules that is eosin loving
eosinophil
granules do not cover or obscure the nucleus
eosinophil
lobes of baso
2 lobes
total wbc of baso
0.5%
granules commonly obscure the nucleus
baso
round variable sized granules that is basic loving
baso
its nucleus has stain of dark with round, slightly indented, condense chromatin
lymphocytes
its cytoplasm has a stain of sky/pale blue and formed a rim around the nucleus
lymphocyte
shape of nucleus in monocyte
kidney-shaped or horseshoe shaped
cytoplasm stain in mono
blue gray (azurophilic granules) with foamy appearance
chief site in first 3 weeks postpartum
bone marrow
fetal skeletal structure is until what year
2-3 years
fetal skeletal structure is in
red marrow
location of red marrow in children
skull, clavicle, ribs, vertebra, pelvis and long bones
loc of red marrow 18 and older
skull, clav, ribs, vertebra, pelvis and at the prox end of long bones
rate of bone marrow growth exceed the need of blood cells
fourth year
year where it can lead to active marrow space that replaces fatty reserves
4th year
there is a balance bet the developjng bone marrow space and infant’s need for blood cells
first few years of life
2 types of marrow
red and yellow marrow
red BM consist of
RBC WBC and plt
yellow marrow composed of
adipose cells
yellow marrow is also called the
fatty marrow
2 phases in extrauterine phase
myeloid/medullary phase and extramedullary phase
occurs normal and in certain disease in state the BM is unable to produce sufficient number of hematopoeitic cells
extramed phase
phase where production of blood cells is outside the bone marrow
extramed phase
enlargement of liver and spleen is due to
increase of blood cell prod
chief site of extramed phase
liver and spleen
condition of extramed phase
BM is dysfunctional and BM is unable to meet demand
where bone marrow fails to produce blood cells
aplastic anemia
where RBC’s are destroyed faster that the BM can produce
Hemolytic anemia
it can revert to red marrow to increas blood cell prod
yellow marrow
resposible for yellow marrow
fatty reserves
phase that is rare in adults bec they have a lot of fatty reserves
extramed phase
3 theories
MONOPHYLETIC/UNITARIAN THEORY
POLYPHYLETIC THEORY
COMPLETE THEORY
theory that blood cell came from one stem cell which is totipotent, gives rise to any series of cell type
monophyletic theory
theory that has a separate and distinct stem cell compartment
polyphyletic theory
theory has a stem cell for each cell series
complete theory
sub theories in monophyletic
dualistic and trialistic
dualistic has
lymphoblast and myeloblast
trialistic has
reticuloendothelial cells
progenator cells of lymphocytes
lymphoblast
precursor cell of granulocyte
myeloblast
these two gives rise to monocytes
reticuloendothelial cells and monoblast
ratio of volume of the hematopoetic cells to the total volume pf marrow space
marrow cellularity
blood cell percentage is increased
hypercellular/ hyperplastic
blood cell percentage is decreased
hypocellular or hypoplastic
hypoplastic disease such as
aplastic anemia
marrow space consist
cells, fats and stromal elements
ME is
myeloid: erythroid
ME ratio
1.2:1 to 4:1
inc ME diseases
infection, chronic myelogenous leukemia and erthroid hypoplasia
dec ME diseases
leukopoiesis depression and nomoblastic hypoplasia
functions of the spleen
hematopoietic function
reservoir function
filtration function
immunologic function
filtration of foreign entities found in the spleen
immunologic function
macrophages present in the spleen
littoral cells
splenic macropages has
littoral cells
blood volume in spleen
350 ml
largest lymphoid organ
spleen
spleen stores plts and grnaulocytes
reservoir function
red pulp vascular sinuses in the spleen
cord of bilroth
removing of inclusions of RBC by macropages
PITTING
removal of senescent cells
CULLING
RBC that has live their 120 days lifespan
senescent cells
antigen presentation pccurs in
spleen
types of human stem cells
totipotential stem cells
pluripotential stem cells
multipotential stem cells
most versatile type of stem cells, can develop any type of cell including the dev of embryo into fetus
totipotential stem cells
has limited to specific type of stem cells
multipotential stem cells
can develop in any type of cell except can not develop into a few days fetus
pluripotent stem cells
stem cells produced by bone marrow
hemohistioblast and hemocytoblast or pluripotent
one single fixed multipotent cell which gives rise to tissue and blood cells
hemohistioblast
has ability to reproduce and differentiate
pluri
present in small number in the BM
pluri
not morphology identifiable
pluri
primitive progenator
flt 3 ligand
stimulates myeloid, erythroid and lymphoid progenator
kit ligand
stem cell factor or steel factor
kit ligand
CSF has
GM-CSF
G CSF
M CSF OR CSF1
GM CSF has
gran, mono, ery, mega, eos
M CSF has
mono macrophage
t cells b cell NK cells
IL 2
multilineage stimulating factor
IL 3
b cells t cells mast cells
IL 4
stem cells and b cells
IL 6
pre b cells t cells and early granulocyte
IL 7
megakaryocytes
IL 11
granulocytes, macropages, fibrinogen and endothelial cells
GM CSF
red cell progenator cells
EPO
they are primarily regulates immune response and inflammation
cytokines
regulates proliferation, cell growth and differentation
growth factors
RBC shape
biconcave disc
diameter of RBC
7-8 Micrometer
crucial component of hemoglobin
heme
thus bind to the oxygen
iron
plts diameter
2-4 micrometer
it contains many vesicle but no nucleus
plts
main site of adults in thrombopoeisis
bone marrow
primary site in thrombopoeisis
liver
size of immature cells
large
size of mature cells
small
nucleoli is absent in
mature cell
nucleoli is present in
immature cells
its chromatin is fine and delicate
immature cells
its chromatin is coarse and clumped
mature
N:C ratio is high
immature
N:C RATIO is low
mature
cytoplasm is basophilic : dark blue( rich in rna
immature
cytoplasm is less basophilic and less RNA
mature
nucleus is round
immature
nucleus is round, lobulated and segmented
mature
