Midterms Flashcards
Groups of atoms that give properties to the compounds to which they attach
Functional group
large organic molecules that form by polymerization
Macromolecules
compound that its formula is (C=O) C double bonded O
Ketone
compound that its formula is (O–H) volatile
Alcohol
Flammable
*Volatile–easily evaporates
compound that its formula is (O=C–H) O Double bonded to C and single bonded to H
Aldehyde
compound that its formula is (O=C–O–H)
Organic acid
Functional group that has (–OH or HO–)
Hydroxyl
Functional group that has (>CO)
Carbonyl
Functional group that has (–COOH)
Carboxyl
Functional group that has (NH2 or H2N)
Amino
compound that its formula is (O=C–OH)
Carboxyl
Compound that its formula is (N<HH)
Amines
Large molecules
Polymers
Polymers are made by stringing together many smaller molecules called___
monomers
4 examples of polymers
Proteins
Lipids
Carbohydrate
Nucleic acid
In linking monomers, the process of removing a molecule of water is called___
Condensation or dehydration synthesis
This process joins two sugar monomers to make a double sugar
Condensation or dehydration synthesis
Cells break down macromolecules by a process (Adding molecules of water) called____
Hydrolysis
This process is where water is added to split double sugar
Hydrolysis
Small sugar molecules in soft drinks; Long starch molecules in pasta and potatoes
Carbohydrates
It is called simple sugars
Monosaccharides
Have the same chemical, but different structural formulas (C6H12O6)
Monosaccharides
Examples of monosaccharides
Glucose, fructose, and galactose
Monosaccharide found in
sports drink
Monosaccharide found in fruits
Fructose
Honey Contains
Glucose and Fructose
Monosaccharide called “Milk sugar”
Galactose
Glucose and fructose are ____ because their structures are different, but their chemical formulas are the same
Isomers
In aqueous (watery) solutions, monosaccharides form _____ structures
Ring
Monosaccharides are the main _____ that cells use for cellular work
Fuel
It’s an is a double sugar, made by joining two monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Common disaccharides include:
Sucrose (table sugar)
Lactose (Milk Sugar)
Maltose (Grain sugar)
Disaccharide composed of Glucose and Fructose
Sucrose
Disaccharide composed of 2 glucose molecules
Maltose
Disaccharide made of galactose + glucose
Lactose
Complex carbohydrates, composed of many sugar monomers linked together
Polysaccharides
Polymers of monosaccharide chains
Polysaccharides
Examples of Polysaccharide
Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose
an example of a polysaccharide in plants
Starch
an example of a polysaccharide in animals
Glycogen
the most abundant organic compound on Earth, it forms cable-like fibrils in the tough walls that enclose plants
Cellulose
IS A FORM BY JOINING MONOMER OF GLUCOSE AND MONOMER OF FRUCTOSE
Disaccharide
Simple sugars and double sugars dissolve readily in water. They are _______ or “water loving
Hydrophilic
Presence of this ____ group makes sugar soluble
–OH Groups
Lipids are “water fearing” or _____
Hydrophobic
a fatty acid that has the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons (all single bonds between carbons)
Saturated fatty acids
a fatty acid that has less than the maximum number of hydrogens bonded to the carbons (a double bond between carbons)
Unsaturated fatty acids
Monomer of lipids, Composed of Glycerol & 3 fatty acid chains
Triglyceride
forms the “backbone” of the fat
Glycerol
Cell membranes are made of lipids called
Phospholipids
the “base steroid” from which your body produces other steroids
Cholesterol
are polymers made of monomers called amino acids
Protein
All proteins are made of ________ linked in different orders
20 different amino acids
are used to build cells, act as hormones & enzymes, and do much of the work in a cell
Proteins
The process where cells link amino acids together to make proteins
Condensation or dehydration
a bonds form to hold the amino acids together
Peptide bonds
this controls the rate of chemical reactions by weakening bonds, thus lowering the amount of activation energy needed for the reaction
Enzyme
