Cell Physiology Flashcards
movement of substance into and out of the cell
Membrane transport
homogeneous mixture of two or more components
Solution
dissolving medium
Solvent
components in smaller quantities within a solution
Solutes
fluid on the exterior of the cell
Interstitial fluid
nucleoplasm and cytosol
Intracellular fluid
The plasma membrane allows some materials to pass while excluding others
includes movement into and out of the cell
selective permeability
Particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a solution.
Movement is from high concentration to low concentration, or down a concentration gradient
Diffusion
simple diffusion of water
Highly polar water easily crosses the plasma membrane
Osmosis
Water and solutes are forced through a membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic pressure
Filtration
Unassisted process
Solutes are lipid-soluble materials or small enough to pass through membrane pores
Simple diffusion
Substances require a protein carrier for passive transport
Facilitated diffusion
ATP energizes protein carriers, and in most cases, moves substances against concentration gradients
Solute pumping
Extracellular substances are engulfed by being enclosed in a membranous vesicle
Endocytosis
Two types of bulk transport
Exocytosis and Endocytosis
Types of endocytosis
Phagocytosis – cell eating
Pinocytosis – cell drinking
Cell grows
Cell carries on metabolic processes
Interphase
Cell replicates itself
Function is to produce more cells for growth and repair processes
Cell division
Occurs toward the end of interphase
DNA Replication
Division of the nucleus
Results in the formation of two daughter nuclei
Mitosis
Division of the cytoplasm
Begins when mitosis is near completion
Results in the formation of two daughter cells
Cytokinesis
Spindle from centromeres are attached to chromosomes that are aligned in the center of the cell
Metaphase
First part of cell division
Centromeres migrate to the poles
Prophase
Daughter nuclei begin forming
A cleavage furrow (for cell division) begins to form
Telophase
DNA segment that carries a blueprint for building one protein
Gene
Daughter chromosomes are pulled toward the poles
The cell begins to elongate
Anaphase
Functions of protein
Building materials for cells
Act as enzymes (biological catalysts)
essential for protein synthesis
RNA
Transfers appropriate amino acids to the ribosome for building the protein
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Helps form the ribosomes where proteins are built
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Carries the instructions for building a protein from the nucleus to the ribosome
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Transfer of information from DNA’s base sequence to the complimentary base sequence of mRNA
Transcription
Base sequence of nucleic acid is translated to an amino acid sequence
Translation
the building blocks of proteins
Amino acids
