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BIOL 205 > Midterm sheet 2 > Flashcards

Midterm sheet 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the rynchocoel

A

a tubular cavity that holds the introverted proboscis of a nemertean worm and is sometimes considered homologous with the coelom

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2
Q

How do nemertean’s capture prey?

A
  1. They shoot off its mouth to capture prey. They have eversible proboscis at the front end of the body.
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3
Q

how might you distinguish a

nemertean from a platyhelminth?

A
  1. Ribbon worms have a complete gut and circulatory system
  2. Flatworms are acoelomate
  3. Flatworms have cilia
  4. Ribbon worms have cuticle
  5. Flatworms glide
  6. Ribbon worms have longitudinal muscles
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4
Q

what is a radula, how does it work?

A

Tongue like structure of tiny teeth used to scrap food particles off surface and bring them to the mouth.

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5
Q

know the shell layers, and what

comprises them.

A
  1. Periosteum (uncalcified) the outer organic layer
  2. Prismatic layer (calcified)
  3. Nacre (Calcified) inner pearly layer of nacre
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6
Q

What are the types of coiling in

gastropods?

A

Planospiral, conispiral, dextral vs. sinistral

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7
Q

what is torsion

A

rotation of the visceral mass mantle and shell 180 degrees with respect to the head and foot of gastropod

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8
Q

how does respiration work in

gastropods?

A

air is brought in through a pneumostome (opening in the right side of the mantle) in pulmonates (have pallial lung instead of a gill or gills

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9
Q

how does feeding work in bivalves?

A

Detritivore (eat organic matter), the labial palps secrete a mucous that entangles suspended food and nutrient particles within the water to produce a bolus. Cilia in palps direct bolus to mouth

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10
Q

what does the term “bivalve” mean?

A

an aquatic mollusk that has a compressed body enclosed within a hinged shell

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11
Q

how do pearls form?

A

an intruder such as a grain of sand slips in between one of the two shells of the oyster and the mantle. Oyster will quickly begin covering the intruder with layers of nacre (mother-of-pearl) and coat the intruder

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12
Q

how does respiration work in

bivalves?

A

Ctenidium is shaped like a comb or feather and hangs into the mantle cavity and increases the area available for gas exchange

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13
Q

what is the circulatory system like in

bivalves?

A

open, filled with hemolymph, no separation, 1 fluid

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14
Q

how does the Nautilus maintain its

buoyancy?

A

The shell is for buoyancy, chambers filled with gas or cameral fluid and alter amount

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15
Q

how do cephalopods feed?

A
  1. Arms, tentacles, suction cups
  2. jaws and radula
  3. coordinated wave moment
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16
Q

what is the circulatory system like in

cephalopods?

A

Closed, three hearts (branchial pumps to gills or systemic pump to tissues)

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17
Q

what is the difference in arms and

tentacles?

A

tentacles are used to catch prey, covered in suckers and reproduction. arms are for grasping and locomotion

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18
Q

how does reproduction work in

cephalopods?

A

intenral fertilization, intrommittent, structure in males, modified arms called hectocotylus, dioecious

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19
Q

what are the benefits of

metamerism?

A

more efficient movement, can take multiple segments and natural selection will act on them (tagmatization), redundancy

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20
Q

what phyla possess metamerism?

A

annelida

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21
Q

what is an atoke? epitoke?

A

atoke is sexually immature, epitoke is sexually mature

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22
Q

what are siboglinids?

A

beard worms

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23
Q

what would you see if you opened

up a siboglinid?

A

cephalic tube has ciliated tentacles, glandular forepart that secretes the tube, trunk bears various annuli, papillae and ciliary tracts, metamerically segmented opisthoma

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24
Q

what are the basic characteristics of

a trochophore?

A

Ring of cilia, prototroch, sensory plate, tuft of cilia, ocellus (simple eye), mouth, stomach, anus, solenocyte

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25
Q

how do echiurans feed?

A

Spoon worms; mucous net created with its proboscis, filters water through its burrow and traps planktonic organisms in this net

26
Q

where might you find a sipunculan?

A

peanut worms; burrow in sand and mud or in rocks and empty shells in shallow waters

27
Q

how are sipunculan larvae different

from other annelids?

A

cosmopolitan species, geographically widespread

28
Q

what is wrong with the polychaetes

as a group?

A

they are paraphyletic

29
Q

where do oligochaetes get their

name?

A

fewer setae

30
Q

what is a clitellum? what is it used

for?

A

A raised band around the body that stores eggs and sperms

31
Q

how do leaches feed?

A

have an anaesthetic and anticoagulant, has blood meals from a host

32
Q

how do earthworms reproduce?

A

gonands appear and disappear, fertilization is external via clitellum

33
Q

how do clitellata exchange gasses?

A

epithelial gas exchange basic life

34
Q

know the basic life cycle of a cycliophoran.

A

complete life cycle internal and external budding, asexual and sexual, sessile and motile, feeding stage and prometheus larva

35
Q

where would you find a

cycliophoran?

A

In water

36
Q

know some of the basic differences

between entoprocts and ectoprocts

A

entoprocts are pseducoelomates, have anus inside tentacles

ectoprots are eucoelomate

37
Q

what is a lophophore?

A

horseshoe shaped structure with ciliated tentacles around the mouth

38
Q

in what ways are brachiopods

different from bivalve molluscs?

A

dorsal and ventral bivalve, feed with lophophore arms

39
Q

what type of body cavity to

nematodes possess?

A

pseudocoelomate, hydrostatic skeleton

40
Q

what is the cuticle of nematodes

made of?

A

non-cellular collagen cuticle secreted by hypodermis

41
Q

how do nematodes move?

A

longitudinal muscles

42
Q

how is the nervous system of

nematodes set up?

A

dorsal and ventral nerve cords

43
Q

how does food move through the

digestive tract of nematodes?

A

no muscles so food moves when worm moves, enzymes that aid digestion

44
Q

ascarids

A

poor water sanitation consume intestinal products go through wall to lungs to be coughed out.
- parasitic nematodes

45
Q

trichiniella

A

muscle parasite, undercooked pork

- parasitic nematodes

46
Q

filarial roundworms

A

parasitic, spread by flies, causes elephantiasis and heart worms, arthropod is their immediate host, tetrapod their definitive host
- - parasitic nematodes

47
Q

pinworms

A

most common parasites

48
Q

mermithid nematodes

A

free living larvae, infect arthropods, infect by drinking water or eating, kills host

49
Q

how are nematomorph similar to mermithid

A

free living, parasitic to arthropods

50
Q

what are the caudal appendages of

priapulids probably used for?

A

embryonic tail

51
Q

what characteristic is shared by the

ecdysozoans?

A

grow by ecdysis, most have exoskeleton

52
Q

what are the scalids of kinorhynchans

used for?

A

circlets and longitudinal rows of spines on the prostrusible cone shape head and neck

53
Q

where might you encounter a

loriciferan?

A

Mediterranean sea, oxygen free environment

54
Q

why is the “ladder” model for thinking
about evolution misleading and
wrong?

A

not a linear process

55
Q

how do onychophorans feed?

A

fluid feeders, jaw inject digestive enzymes, oral papilla shoot protenaceus glue, branching slime glands

56
Q

what characteristics do
onychophorans share with
arthropods?

A

chitinous culticle, pair of antennae

57
Q

what are oral papillae used for?

A

excretion of slime glands, eating

58
Q

in what ways are the tardigrades

similar to arthropods?

A

Chitinous cuticle, limbs, head and body segments, brain is similar

59
Q

how do tardigrades feed?

A

fluid feeders, mouth with stylets pierce organism

60
Q

where might you find a tardigrade?

A

moss, fern, soil, beaches, dunes, damp habitats

61
Q

how does mating occur in

tardigrades?

A

parthenogenesis, resting eggs, anhydrobiotic eggs

62
Q

what is a tun?

A

addition to dealing with water loss

BIOL 205 (7 decks)

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