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BIOL 205 > Final Exam Study questions > Flashcards

Final Exam Study questions Flashcards

1
Q

Why have the arthropods been so successful? Insects?

A

their very adaptable body plan. The evolution of many types of appendages—antennae, claws, wings, and mouthparts

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2
Q

how does ecdysis work?

A

Their existing cuticle weakens at specific points and by taking in water or air the animal splits its old exoskeleton.

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3
Q

know the basic characteristics of chelicerates.

A

Chelicerates have two body segments; a cephalothorax and an abdomen. They have no antennae, but have six pairs of appendages. Includes chelicerae and pedipalps

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4
Q

how do horseshoe crabs exchange gases?

A

Gills. Gaseous exchange occurs on the surface of the lamellae as the gills are in motion.

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5
Q

what are sea spiders?

A

Sea spiders are marine arthropods of the order Pantopoda

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6
Q

what does chelate mean?

A

a pincerlike organ or claw borne by a limb of a crustacean or arachnid

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7
Q

what are the two types of cheliceral fang orientations in spiders?

A

Jackknife chelicerae.
Uncate chelicerae.
3-segmented chelate chelicerae.

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8
Q

how do spiders reproduce?

A

Other arachnids may reproduce asexually or sexually.

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9
Q

know the basic anatomy of spiders.

A

divided into two tagmata (sections or segments), eight jointed legs, no wings or antennae, the presence of chelicerae and pedipalps, simple eyes, and an exoskeleton, which is periodically shed.

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10
Q

what are the two tagmata in spiders?

A

a fused head and thorax (called a cephalothorax or prosoma) and an abdomen (also called an opisthosoma).

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11
Q

know the basic anatomy of a scorpion.

A

from front to rear, are the prosoma, the mesosoma, and the metasoma.

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12
Q

how do scorpions feed? what do they eat?

A

use their pincers to capture and crush prey. They use their stingers to inject neurotoxic venom into their victims

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13
Q

how are millipedes and centipedes different?

A

Centipedes have one pair of legs per body segment, while millipedes have two pairs.

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14
Q

what does the term diplopod refer to?

A

a class of arthropods comprising the millipedes.

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15
Q

know the basic anatomy of a crustacean.

A

The body of a crustacean is composed of segments, which are grouped into three regions: the cephalon or head, the pereon or thorax, and the pleon or abdomen.

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16
Q

what does biramous mean?

A

dividing to form two branches.

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17
Q

how do crustaceans exchange gases?

A

through the process of diffusion directly across the body surface called the integument.

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18
Q

What is the madreporite?

A

a perforated plate by which the entry of seawater into the vascular system of an echinoderm is controlled.

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19
Q

What are ampullae?

A

ampullae detect electric fields in the water, or more precisely the potential difference between the voltage at the skin pore and the voltage at the base of the electroreceptor cells.

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20
Q

What are dermal branchiae?

A

Are projections of the coelom of Asteroidea that serve in respiration and waste removal.

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21
Q

What are pedicellaria?

A

a defensive organ like a minute pincer present in large numbers on an echinoderm.

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22
Q

What are tube feet? what are they use for?

A

locomotion, feeding, and respiration. flexible hollow appendages protruding through the ambulacra

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23
Q

What kinds of symmetry are found in the echinoderms? why?

A

They have radial symmetry as adults but bilateral symmetry as larvae.

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24
Q

What is the skeleton of an echinoderm?

A

made up of interlocking calcium carbonate plates and spines

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25
Q

What are some structures that represent modifications of the endoskeleton of echinoderms?

A

ambulacral or water vascular system, consisting of a central ring canal and radial canals that extend along each armambulacral or water vascular system, consisting of a central ring canal and radial canals that extend along each arm

26
Q

What is the ambulacrum?

A

an elongated area of the shell of an echinoderm in which a row of tube feet are arranged

27
Q

what is gastric eversion

A

animals vomit their entire stomach, even sometimes their intestines, instead of hurling

28
Q

What is the ambulacral groove used

for?

A

used for locomotion

29
Q

what larval forms occur in the asteroidea?

A

The earliest larval stage of Asteroidea is called an auricularia, followed by bipinnaria and brachiolaria stages

30
Q

How do asteroidea move?

A

move using tube feet

31
Q

how do brittle stars differ from sea

stars?

A

starfish uses tube feet for their movement whereas brittle star moves using their long arms.

32
Q

what are genitorespiratory bursae used for?

A

Used for sexual reproduction and to keep young

Used for gas exchange

33
Q

what types of symmetry are found in the echinoidea?

A

five-fold symmetry that lives in the sea.

34
Q

the basic characteristics of echinoidea.

A

have an egg shaped, circular body which is hemispherical. They have skeletal plates that bear many movable spines and three jawed pedicellariae.

35
Q

What is aristotle’s lantern, and what is it used for?

A

to scrape algae off rocks and other surfaces, as well as biting and chewing prey

36
Q

the basic characteristic of sea cucumbers.

A

soft-bodied sea animals that have a circle of five to twenty tentacles around the mouth

37
Q

how do sea cucumbers deter predators?

A

discharge sticky threads to ensnare their enemies

38
Q

How do sea cucumber exchange gases?

A

so that they “breathe” by drawing water in through the anus and then expelling it.

39
Q

In what ways are crinoids probably similar to ancestral echinoderms?

A

similar in form

40
Q

How do crinoids feed?

A

All crinoids are filter feeders.

41
Q

what are rollypollies?

A

Armadillidiidae is a family of woodlice, a terrestrial crustacean group in the order Isopoda

42
Q

how do most malacostracans exchange gases?

A

respire through gills, which develop as vascularized outgrowths of the first segment of the thoracic legs (epipodal gills).

43
Q

how do pillbugs exchange gases?

A

terrestrial pill bugs use gill-like structures to exchange gases.

44
Q

why have the insects been so successful?

A

they have a protective shell or exoskeleton, they are small, and they can fly.

45
Q

what are the hormones that control molting in insects? how are they related to the different styles of metamorphosis?

A

the steroid 20-hydroxyecdysone (elicits metamorphosis) and the lipid juvenile hormone (JH) (antagonizes 20E signaling to prevent precocious metamorphosis during the larval stages.)

46
Q

different types of metamorphosis in insects and what orders do them.

A

No-metamorphosis, (COLLEMBOLA, MALLOPHAGA, ANOPLURA)

Complete metamorphosis, (NEUROPTERA, COLEOPTERA, MECPTERA, TRICHOPTERA, LEPIDOPTERA, DIPTERA, SIPHONOPTERA, HYMENOPTERA)

Gradual metamorphosis, (EPHEMEROPTERA, PLECOPTERA, ODONATA)

Incomplete metamorphosis (ORTHOPTERA, ISOPTERA, CORRODENTIA, THYSANOPTERA, HEMIPTERA, HOMOPTERA, DARMAPTERA)

47
Q

what are simple eyes?

A

a small eye of an insect or other arthropod which has only one lens, typically present in one or more pairs.

48
Q

what are compound eyes?

A

an eye (as of an insect) made up of many separate visual units

49
Q

what is batesian mimicry?

A

mimicry in which an edible animal is protected by its resemblance to a noxious one that is avoided by predators.

50
Q

what is müllerian mimicry?

A

a form of mimicry in which two or more noxious animals develop similar appearances as a shared protective device,

51
Q

what is crypsis?

A

the ability of an animal or a plant to avoid observation or detection by other animals

52
Q

how are pheromones used in insects?

A

Pheromones are chemicals used by insects and other animals to communicate with each other

53
Q

what is kin selection?

A

natural selection in favor of behavior by individuals that may decrease their chance of survival but increases that of their kin (who share a proportion of their genes).

54
Q

what is eusociality?

A

he highest level of organization of sociality.

cooperative brood care, overlapping generations within a colony of adults, and a division of labor into reproductive and non-reproductive groups.

55
Q

how are kin selection and eusociality possibly linked?

A

Kin selection follows Hamilton’s Rule, which suggests that if the benefit of a behavior to a recipient, taking into account the genetic relatedness of the recipient to the altruist, outweighs the costs of the behavior to the altruist, then it is in the altruist’s genetic advantage to perform the altruistic behavior.

56
Q

What are the deuterostomes?

A

Deuterostomia are animals typically characterized by their anus forming before their mouth during embryonic development

57
Q

What is a water vascular system?

A

a network of water vessels in the body, the tube feet being operated by hydraulic pressure within the vessels.

58
Q

know the basic characteristics of hemichordates.

A

the presence of a stomochord. They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and have a true coelom. They have gills for respiration and proboscis glands for excretion.

59
Q

what are the two classes of hemichordates?

A

Enteropneusta, Pterobranchia, and Planctosphaeroidea

60
Q

What characteristics do hemichordates share with the chordates?

A

notochord, a dorsal hollow tubular nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, endostyle/thyroid gland, and a post-anal tail.

BIOL 205 (7 decks)

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