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BIOL 205 > Midterm Sheet > Flashcards

Midterm Sheet Flashcards

1
Q

Ernst Mayr

A
  1. Evolutionary change per se
  2. Common ancestry
  3. Gradualism
  4. Speciation
  5. Natural selection
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2
Q

Selection creates new traits?

A

False. It only changes the proportion of variation that is already present in the population.

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3
Q

Why monophyletic groups

A

Because they share a single common ancestor and all the descendants of that common ancestor. Helpful in understanding how animals are classified.

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4
Q

Trees can pivot at any node

A

True

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5
Q

Parsimony

A

Parsimony is the idea that, given a set of possible explanations, the simplest explanation is the most likely to be correct.

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6
Q

Jack-knifing / bootstrapping

A

Resampling technique that deletes data and reruns the analysis. Represents the percentage.
Bootstrap value -> higher value means more confident about the branch

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7
Q

Syncytial ciliate hypothesis

A

Metazoa originated from a single-celled ciliate with multiple nuclei, which became compartmentalized.

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8
Q

syncytial definition

A

a multinucleate mass of cytoplasm resulting from fusion of cells.

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9
Q

Which hypothesis concerning the origin of animals has the most support?

A

Colonial flagellate theory

-> claims that the first animals evolved from flagellated protists that lived in colonies

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10
Q

Three body types found in sponges?

A
  1. Asconoid
    Small and tube shaped. Water enters through pores and flows into atrium.
  2. Synconoid
    Water is driven through the sponge through beating of cilia lining the central cavity
  3. Leuconoid
    Not all chambers are flagellated. Water flows in through canals that selectively pump.
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11
Q

Sponge cell types

A
  1. archaeocytes
  2. pinacocytes
  3. choanocytes
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12
Q

archaeocytes

A

Amoeboid cells in sponges. Ingest and digest food caught by the choanocyte collars and transport nutrients to other cells of the sponge.

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13
Q

pinacocytes

A

Flat cells found on the outside of the sponge. Role in movement, cell adhesion, signaling, phagocytosis, and polarity.

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14
Q

choanocytes

A

Cells that line the interior of the sponge body and have a central flagellum (cilium) surrounded by a collar of microvilli. They beat to create the active pumping of water through the sponge. Collect nutrients.

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15
Q

How do sponges digest their food?

A

Collar cells inside the central cavity trap the food particles and digest them.

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16
Q

Three classes of sponges?

A
  1. Calcarea -> cellular sponges. All three body types. Asconoid forms.
  2. Hexactinellida -> glass sponges. Can be either syconoid or leuconoid.
  3. Demospongiae -> soft body, hard exoskeleton. Mostly Leuconoid.
  4. Homoscleromorpha -> small marine sponges. Mostly Leuconoid.
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17
Q

What class are the freshwater sponges in?

A

Demosponge

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18
Q 
How can the spicules tell you which class a
sponge belongs to?
A

Calcerea -> spicules made up of calicum carbonate
Hexctinellida -> spicules made of silica.
Desmospongia -> spicules composed of silica and skeletal fibers from spongin.

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19
Q

radial symmetry

A

Symmetry around a central axis

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20
Q

What type of gut is found in the cnidaria

A

Incomplete digestive system with one opening. Gastrovascular cavity serves as both the mouth and the anus.

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21
Q

What are the three layers of the cnidarian body?

A

Outer layer -> Epidermis
Middle layer -> mesoglea
Inner layer -> Gastrodermis

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22
Q

cnidocytes

A

Specialized Cnidarian cells that have an explosive organelle called a cnidocyst that helps capture prey and self defense.

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23
Q

Nematocyst

A

specialized cells in the tentacles of jellyfish that have venom coiled thread that can be projected for self defense or to capture prey.

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24
Q

How is the nervous system arranged in

cnidarians?

A

Nerve-net system.

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25
Q

Describe the two body forms found in

cnidarians?

A

Polyp is sessile. Single opening to the digestive system facing up with tentacles surrounding.
Them medusa is motile, with the mouth and tentacles hanging down from the umbrella shaped head.

26
Q

Which body form is better suited for sexual

reproduction?

A

The medusa is better because it is motile and reproduces sexually.

27
Q

Describe the basic life cycle of cnidarians.

A

Egg -> planula (larva) -> Polyp -> Strobila (ready 2 bud) -> Ephyra (clone of polyp) -> Adult medusa

28
Q

Describe the classes of cnidarians.

A

Cubozoa, Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, and Anthozoa.

29
Q

What is strobilation?

A

Form of asexual reproduction by transverse division of the body into segments that develop into individuals.

30
Q

What are rhopalia used for?

A

Sensory structures of scyphozoan jellyfish. Help sense light and movement with respect to gravity.

31
Q

How is the rhopalium in box jellies different?

A

evolved into different eyes.

32
Q

How are comb jellies different from true jellies

A

comb jellies have plates of cilia (combs) that run in rows up and down their bodies. Comb jellies don’t sting.

33
Q

How do ctenophora swim?

A

Swim with the beating of comb rows made of fused cilia.

34
Q

Eucoelomate

A

Any organism with a true coelom. A body cavity that is a coelom.

35
Q

Pseudocoelomate

A

A body cavity that is not derived from the mesoderm.

36
Q

Acoelomate

A

Lacking a coelom. No body cavity.

37
Q

What type of gut to flatworms possess?

A

Flatworms have an incomplete digestive system with a mouth that is also used to expel waste.

38
Q

What are rhabdites?

A

Rod-like structures in the cells of the epidermis. Function in adhesion.

39
Q

What is the tegument?

A

The outer body covering of Platyhelminthes.

40
Q

Descibe a protonephridium, and how it

works.

A

Network of dead-end tubules lacking internal openings. Functions the same as most excretory organs.

41
Q

Where is the mouth located on a planaria?

A

The mouth is on the ventral, or lower, side, often more than half-way toward the tail. A body cavity, or coelom, is absent.

42
Q

Describe the basic life cycle of a fluke.

A

Pooped out -> egg -> miracidium -> sporocyst -> redia -> cercaria -> leave the snail -> ingested by animal.

43
Q

How are monogenic flukes different from

true flukes?

A

If it can complete its life cycle in a single host it is monogenic.

44
Q

What characteristic do monogenic flukes

share with tapeworms?

A

Reduced sense organs or absent, hooks or suckers for attachment, increased egg production to facilitate survival and infection of new hosts.

45
Q

regions of the tapeworm body.

A

head (scolex) -> body (strobila) -> segments (proglottids)

46
Q

How is the scolex not the head of the tapeworm?

A

It does not have a mouth.

47
Q

How does one get infected with a

tapeworm?

A

Ingesting food or water contaminated with tapeworm eggs or larvae.

48
Q

What lifestyle do mesozoans possess?

A

Unique parasitic lifestyle

49
Q

What characteristic is thought to be shared

by the members of the gnathifera?

A

Presence of mouthparts made of chitin. Pharyngeal jaws.

50
Q

What is the corona?

A

circular arrangement of moving cilia (tiny hairlike structures) at the front end resembles a rotating wheel.

51
Q

How to rotifers break up food items?

A

Obtain food directed to the mouth by the movement from the corona. Enter the mouth and travel to mastax.

52
Q

What is the foot used for?

A

any animal lacking a backbone or notochord

53
Q

Why is the rotifer not considered to possess

segmentation?

A

Is externally segmented but not internally segmented,

54
Q

What is eutely?

A

the condition of having a body made up of a constant number of cells (as in certain rotifers and some lower worms)

55
Q

How does reproduction work in the mictic

rotifers?

A

Females meiotically produce haploid eggs that develop into haploid males if unfertilized and into diploid resting eggs if fertilized.

56
Q

Which class of rotifers utilizes myxis?

A

Monogonota

57
Q

What is the lifestyle of acanthocephala

A

symbiotrophic lifestyle in that they lack circulatory, respiratory, and digestive systems

58
Q

What does the name acanthocephala refer

to?

A

Spiny headed worm

59
Q

What type of excretory organs are found in

gastrotrichs?

A

niphridium–> a tubular excretory organ in some invertebrates

60
Q

In what ways are gastrotrichs similar to

rotifers?

A
  • ->Small‐size
  • ->soft and elongate body
  • ->adhesive glands on the posterior body end
  • ->movement through cilia
  • ->relatively short life cycles
  • ->parthenogenesis
  • ->dormant stages

BIOL 205 (7 decks)

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