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Science IB grade 9 > MIDTERM Science: IB > Flashcards

MIDTERM Science: IB Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a mechanical property?

Definition

A

A mechanical property describes how a material will react when its is subjected to one or more mechanical constraints.

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2
Q

List the types of mechanical properties?

Types!

A
  1. Hardness
  2. Elasticity
  3. Resilience
  4. Ductility
  5. Malleability
  6. Tensile strength
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3
Q

What does hardness refer to?

Define

A

Resists penetration

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4
Q

What does elasticity refer to?

Define

A

Returns to original shape.

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5
Q

What does resilience refer to?

Definition

A

Resists physical impacts.

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6
Q

What does ductility refer to?

Definition

A

Stretches without breaking.

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7
Q

What dos malleability refer to?

Definiton

A

Flattens or bends without breaking.

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8
Q

What does tensile strength refer to?

Definition

A

Resists tension

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9
Q

What is a mechanical constraint?

Definition

A

A mechanical constraint describes the stress produced within a material when it is subjected to one or more external forces. Mechanical constraints produce various efforts inside a material.

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10
Q

List the 5 principle mechanical constraints:

List

A
  1. Compression
  2. Tension
  3. Torsion
  4. Bending
  5. Shearing
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11
Q

What is compression?

Define

A

Force that crushes materials.

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12
Q

What is tension?

Define

A

Force that streches materials.

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13
Q

What is torsion?

Define

A

Force that twists materials.

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14
Q

What is bending?

Definition

A

Force that bends materials

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15
Q

What is shearing?

Definition

A

A force that cuts/tears materials.

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16
Q

What are the mechanical properties of wood?

List

A
  1. Hardness
  2. Elasticity
  3. Resilience
  4. Tensile strength
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17
Q

What are the mechanical propeties of metals?

List

A
  1. Good conductors of electricity
  2. Good conductors of heat
  3. Malleable
  4. Ductile
  5. High melting point
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18
Q

Name the 3 types of projections:

List

A
  1. Isometric
  2. Multi-view
  3. Exploded view
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19
Q

What is an isometric view?

Define

A
  • A 3-D representation of an object placed so that 3 sides are visble
  • Visible sides are usually: Front, Top, and Side
  • Visual lines in isometric projections are perpendicular to the paper.
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20
Q

What is a multi-view projection?

Define

A
  • 2-D representation of a every view of an object
  • Views: front, right, top (can also be bottem, back, and left)
  • Mugshot views
  • Must be consistent throughout and line-up
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21
Q

What is exploded view?

Define

A

Shows various parts of an object seperated from eachother.

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22
Q

Name the types of lines

List

A
  1. Object line
  2. Hidden line
  3. Dimension line
  4. Extension line
  5. Diameter
  6. Center line
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23
Q

What is an object line?

Define

A

Indicates the visible outlines of an object.
- Thick and continous

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24
Q

What is a hidden line?

Define

A

Indicates the outlines that are’t visible in the current view.
- Medium and broken

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25
Q

What is a dimension line?

Define

A

Indicate the length of an object or part of an object
- Fine, continous, arrowheads ar each end

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26
Q

What is an extension line?

Define

A

Indicates the boudries of a measurement. Always palces at the ends of a dimension line.
- Fine and continous

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27
Q

What is diameter?

Define

A

Indicates the diameter of a circular section.
- Fine, continous, arrowheads at each end
- Ø is the symbol for diamter.

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28
Q

What is a centerline?

Define

A

Indicates the center of a circle or symmetrical feature.
- Fine, has a bullseyes (dash dot, dash dot)

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29
Q

Types a scaling

List

A
  1. Full size
  2. Scale Reduction
  3. Scale increase
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30
Q

What is full-size?

Define

A

1:1
Dimensions of object an drawing are equal.

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31
Q

What is scale reduction?

Define

A

1:2+
Object is bigger than drawing

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32
Q

What is scale increase?

Define

A

2+:1
The drawing is bigger than the object.

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33
Q

Name the mechanical functions?

List

A
  1. Link
  2. Guide
  3. Seal
  4. Lubrication
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34
Q

What is a link?

Define

A

A link connect 2+ parts of an object

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35
Q

What is a guide?

Define

A

A gude forces a part to follow a certain motion

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36
Q

What is lubrication?

Define

A

Reduces friction by technical means.

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37
Q

What is a seal?

Define

A

Prevents a gas or liquid from escaping.

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38
Q

Types of guiding

Define

A
  1. Rotational
  2. Translational
  3. Helical
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39
Q

Name all motion transmission systems:

List

A
  1. Gear train
  2. Chain and sprocket system
  3. Friction gear system
  4. Belt and pulley system
  5. Worm and worm-wheel system
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40
Q

Gear Train

A

Components: Driver, follower, (sometimes) intermediates
Direction: In a gear train gears turn opposite to those directly beside them
Reversible? Yes
Type? Motion transmission
Lubricate? Yes

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41
Q

Chain Sprocket Systems

A

Components: Gears, chain
Direction: Gears within chain turn opposite to those outside chain
Reversible? Yes
Type? Motion transmission System
Lubricate? Yes

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42
Q

Friction Gear Systems

A

Components: Driver, follower, (sometimes) intermediates
Direction: Gears turn oppodite in direction to those directly beside them
Reversible? Yes
Type? Motion transmission
Lubricate? Not
— Extra:
Diameter = teeth (equivalence in porportion to gear train)

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43
Q

Belt and Pulley system

A

Components: Pulleys, belt
Direction: Gears within belt rotate opposite to gears outside chain
Reversible? Yes
Type? Motion transmission
Lubricate? No

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44
Q

Worm and Worm-Wheel system

A

Components: Worm, and worm wheel (screw)
— The screws motion is transmitted to one or more wheels
Direction: Sam direction for both
Reversible? No. Worm wheel (screw) is always
Type? Motion transmission
Lubricate? Yes

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45
Q

Name all motion transformation systems:

List

A

Rack and Pinion
Cam and Follower
Slider and Crank
Screw-Gear system

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46
Q

Name all motion transformation systems:

List

A
  1. Rack and pinion system
  2. Screw gear system
  3. Cam and follower system
  4. Slider-crank mechanism
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47
Q

Rack and pinion system

Define

A

Components: Pinion (gear), rack (straight, toothed bar)
Reversible? Yes
Type? Motion transofrmation system
Lubricate? Yes

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48
Q

Screw-gear System

Define

A

Components: Screw and nut
Reversible? No. Screw is always driver
Type? Motion transofrmation system
Lubricate? Yes
Extra Info:
— Nut roates into translation motion in screw

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49
Q

Cam and follower system

Define

A

Components: Cam (egg shaped piece) and follower (stick that bobs)
Reversible? No. Cam is always driver
Type? Motion transofrmation system
Lubricate? No
Extra Info:
— Cam rotates - follower translates

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50
Q

Slider-crank mechanism

Define

A

Components: crank, slider, guide
Reversible? Yes
Type? Motion transofrmation system
Lubricate? Yes
Extra Info:
— Crank rotates like wheels, slider translates like piston

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51
Q

Types of speed changes

A
  1. Increase
  2. Decrease
  3. No change
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52
Q

Describe Increase

A

Driver is bigger (has more teeth) than drivem

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53
Q

Describe decrease

A

Driver is smaller (has less teeth) than driven

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54
Q

No change

A

Both driver and driven have an equal (amount of teeth) size

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55
Q

What was the big bang?

A
  • The most widely accepted theory regarding the origins of the universe
  • When matter began expansion
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56
Q

What is an astronomical unit?

A

Symbol: Au
Measures… Distances within our solar system
Approximately: 150 million kilometers
Average distance between earth and sun

57
Q

What is a Light Year?

A

Symbol: Ly
Use: Measures distances out our solar system
Approximately 9460 billion kilometers
Represents average distance travelled by light per year

58
Q

List the conditions conducive to life:

A
  1. Water
  2. Ideal mass
  3. Lithosphere
  4. Atmosphere
  5. Habitable zone
  6. A circular orbit
59
Q

Explain Habitable zone

A
  • A planet must orbit at a particular distance called the habitable zone
  • Varies depending on size and strength of star
  • Allows water to stay in liquid form
60
Q

What is a circular orbit?

A
  • The shape of a planets orbit determine the quantity of energy the planet receives thus influencing the tempreture
61
Q

What is atmosphere?

A
  • A planet atmosphere must be able to protect life forms from dangerous solar radiation.
  • A planet must also have an atmosphere that allows the water cycle to take place.
62
Q

What is the ideal mass?

A

Mass determine strength of a planets gravity.
In a small planet
- Low mass
- Low gravity
- Doesn’t absorb neccessary particles for life to develop.
In a big planet
- High mass
- Strong gravity
- Absorbs to many particle, harmful toxins etc.

63
Q

Why is water essential?

A

A planet needs liquid water because it is essential to the development of the first molecules.

64
Q

What is a lithosphere?

A

A planet needs a solid surface for simple molecules to develop into more complex life forms.

65
Q

What are layers of strata?

A
  • Layers/strata are sedimentary rock that usually arrange in layers
  • A stratigraphic layer is made of sedimentary deposits with the same charachteristics (colour, particle size, type of rock, etc.)
  • Stratigraphy is iomportant because it allows science to piece together various event that opccured in earths history
66
Q

What are the 3 methods of dating?

A
  1. Superposition
  2. Relative dating
  3. Absolute dating
67
Q

What is superposition?

A

The principle that the oldest layer is always found at the bottem and the the youngest layer is always found at the top. That means fossils found in lower layers come from eras previous to those above them.
When there is no fault.

68
Q

What is relative dating?

A

Relative dating is based on the concept of superposition. It is used to determine the order of events but not prove an exact age. When a fault is running through.

69
Q

What is absolute dating?

A

Absolute dating or carbon dating involves measuring the amount of uranium or carbon-14 in a fossil or rock layer.
Carbon-14 decays at a predictable rate.
Most precise of the 3 methods.

70
Q

What is evolution?

A

Evolution is the result of small changes in DNA over a long period of time. Its the idea of fittest to survive not strongest, smartest etc. Best suited to environment

71
Q

What were the 4 eras?

A
  1. Precambrain
  2. Paleozoic
  3. Mesozoic
  4. Cenozoic
72
Q

What were the events of the precambrian era?

A

Last 4 billion years!
- During the first 1000 million years the earth and solar system were formed
- Rodinia becomes the first continent
- Appearance of Prokaryotes, cells with no nuclei and bacteria
- Appearance of bacteria that can do photosynthesis, and release oxygen into the atmosphere
- Appearance of eukaryotes, cells with nucleus (worms, soft coral, jellyfish)
- Appearance of Ediacaran Fauna; animals capable of reproduction and digestion

73
Q

What were the events of the paleozoic era?

A

Lasted 300 million years?
- Earth seperates into 4 continents
- Hot climate and shallow oceans !LIFE!
- Appearance of animals with spine, pikaia, nautilus
- Appearance of land plants
- Cold causes mass extinction
- Jawed fish
- Trees
- Mass extinction causes 70% of marine species to disapear
- Appearance of reptiles
- Largest mass extinction caused by glaciation, volcanic eruptions, acid rain, and destruction of ozone layer

74
Q

Events of mesozoic era

A

185 million years
- warm -> large reptiles
- Appearance of dinosaurs
- Mass extinction due meteorite impact and volcanoes causes dissapearnace of some sea life.
- Appearance of first birds and mammals
- Pangea breaks up into todays configuration
- Mass extinction of dinosaurs caused by meteroite impact in Yucatan, Mexico.

75
Q

Events of cenozoic era

A

65 million years and counting!
- Age of the mammals
- Appearance of primates and hominids
- Some extinctions cause by (hunting, fire, disease spread by humans)
- Appearance of mega fauna

76
Q

What is pasteurization?

A

Pasteurization is the partial sterilization of liquids such as:
- Milk
- Cheese
- Wine
- Orange juice etc.
Pasteurization is the process or rapidly heating and cooling a substance in order to kill bacteria.

77
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues?

A
  1. Epithelial tissue
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Muscle tissue
  4. Nerve tissue
78
Q

What are tissues

A

When embryos develop cells that are similar divide to form a tissue. A tissues is a set of identical or different cells that work together to preform a common function in an organism.

79
Q

Define epithelial tissue:

A

This tissue lines the outer surfaces of the body and the interior surfaces of organs.

80
Q

Define connective tissue:

A

This tissue connects, supports and protects other tissues.

81
Q

Define muscle tissue:

A

This tissue is made up of elongated cells that can contract.

82
Q

Define muscle tissue:

A

This tissue is made up of elongated cells that can contract.

83
Q

Define nerve tissue:

A

This tissue is made up of neurons.

84
Q

What are cell cultures?

A

A cell cultutre is the process in which cells are grown outside of the organsim that they come from.

85
Q

What can a cell culture do?

A
  • We can cultivate cells like bacteria (uni-cellular) and plant&animal cells (multi-cellular)
  • Cell cultures are done to better understand how cells work
  • Test medication and beauty products, reducing the need for animal testing
  • Develop vaccines
  • Create tissues like skin to treat burns
86
Q

How do cell cultures work?

A

When a tissue is extracted…
- Scientists seperate targeted cells
- Depending on the type of cell, cell are put into test tubes, flasks, and petri-dishes to cultivate
- Containers are filled with a liquid or a solid medium that contains the conditions needed to allow the cell to thrive: must be maintained, tempreture, humidty, pH etc.
- Must be done in a sterile ennvironment, anti-biotics can be added.

87
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

88
Q

Where do you find DNA?

A

In the nucleus of all living organisms.

89
Q

What does DNA contain?

A

The genetic code of an organism. Based on the parents’ code.

90
Q

DNA is shaped like…

A

A double helix

91
Q

The side of DNA that twists to form a double helix are made of

A

2 different types of nucleotides.
A sugar and a phosphate group.
These molecules alternate.

92
Q

The steps of a DNA ladder are made from

A

A line pf nitrogen bases.

93
Q

How many nitrogen bases are there?

A

4
A, T, C, G
Adenine.
Thymine.
Cytosine.
Guanine

94
Q

Which bases connect?

A

A and T
C and G

95
Q

What is a gene?

A

A gene is a segemnt of DNA thatdetermine a specific genetic characteristic.

96
Q

How are genes passed on?

A

Genes are passed on through heredity.

97
Q

What is our entire set of genes called?

A

The human genome.

98
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A chromosome is a structure that contains DNA (genes) of an organism. When a cell is dividing DNA coils up to form a chromosome. Each DNA molecule in the nucleus of a cell is a chromosome.

99
Q

How many chromosome exist in the nucleus of a cell?

A

23 pairs. (46 chromosomes)

100
Q

Which chromosomes are different in men and women?

A

The sex chromosome.
Women: xx
Men: xy
22 other pairs of chromosomes are the same.

101
Q

What does a karyotype show?

A

A kayotype shows the chromosomes of an individual displayed from largest to smallest.

102
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Mitosis is a type of cell division used to make identical copies of cells.

103
Q

Mitosis is a cell division that results in ___ ___ daughter cells.

A

TWO
IDENTICAL

104
Q

In mitosis the daughter cells each contain ____ ____ chromosomes.

A

23
PAIRS OF

105
Q

What is the purpose/function of mitosis?

A

Growth and repair of damaged tissues:
- Replace
- Grow
- Repair
- Neurons are the onlu cells incapable of divsion or repair

106
Q

What are the 5 steps in the process of mitosis?

A
  1. DNA coils up into chromosomes, cell membrane dissolves
  2. Chromosomes duplicate (DNA replication) centriole move towrds poles
  3. Chromosome line up in middle of cell
  4. The spindle fibres pull half of the chromosome pair to one pole and the other half to the opposite pole of the cell.
  5. The cell membrane pinches off in the center to ‘seperate into 2 new cells (cytokinesis). Chromosome decondenses and nuclear membrane form. The result in 2 identical daughter cells, each containing 23 pairs of chromosomes.
107
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Meiosis is a type of cell divison that produces for different from the original mother cell. Reproductive cells are also called gametes; sperm cells (spermatozoa) and egg cells (ova) that unite during fertilization.

108
Q

Meiosis in females happens in the ____ (in the ____) and ________ (____) are only mature enough to be fertilized starting at ____.

A

UTERUS
WOMB
EGG CELLS
OVA
PUBERTY

109
Q

Meiosis in males starts at _ _ _ in the _ _ _ and continues until _ _ _.

A

PUBERTY
TESTICLES
DEATH

110
Q

Each _ _ _ produced during meiosis contains only _ _ _ chromosome(s) of each _ _ _ so they combine during fertilization to produce a _ _ _ _ _ _ of chromosomes.

A

DAUGHTER CELL
ONE
PAIR
COMPLETE
PAIR

111
Q

Process of meiosis

A
  1. DNA coils to form chromosomes
  2. Chromosomesd duplicate (DNA replication)
  3. Nuclear membrane dissolves; centrioles move towards poles; Spindel fibres are formed; Genetic cross over: exchange of maternal and paternal DNA between chromosommes that code for the same traits
  4. Chromosomes line up in center of cell
  5. Spindle fibres pull a complete pair of chromosomes to each pole
  6. Cytokinesis
  7. Result: 2 non-identical cell (23 pairs of chromosomes/each)
  8. Chromosomes line up in cell center
  9. Spindel fibres pull half of each chromosome to pole.
  10. Cytokinesis
  11. Result: 4 different daughter cells. Only 1 chromosome/each (not 2). In order to unite with opposite sex gamete fertilization.
112
Q

What are GMO’s

A

A genetically modified organism is an organism whose genetic material has been altered by the mean or inserting new genes into their DNA in order to obtain new characteristics.

113
Q

Benefits of GMO’s

A
  1. Resistant to pesticides
  2. Decrease glabal warming
  3. Better crops
  4. Food with more nutrional value
  5. Medincinal studies
114
Q

Concerns with GMO’s

A
  1. Mess up the food chain
  2. Cross pollination
  3. Profit driven-compagnies
  4. Can eb used by the wrong people
115
Q

What is assisted reproduction?

A

This describes all medical producedures that help in the union of the ova and the spermatozoa for the purpose of achieving fertilization.

116
Q

What is the purpose of assisted reproduction?

A

Aiding an infertile couples in concieving a child.

117
Q

What is infertility?

A

Infertility is a term to describe a couples inability to reproduce after one year or sexual relations.

118
Q

Causes for infertility:

A
  1. Poor quality of gametes
  2. Poor quantity of gametes
  3. Malformations of the reproductive system
  4. Malformations in the reproductive system cause by STBBIs
119
Q

In order list the 4 types of assisted reproduction:

A
  1. Hormonal treatments
  2. Artificial insemination
  3. In-vitro fertilization
  4. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
120
Q

How do hormonal treatments work?

A

Subject takes hormonal based drugs that can help trigger ovulation. Taking horomone can cause the ovaries to produce more than one egg and can results in multiple carriges.

121
Q

How does artificial insemination work?

> Where do fertilization occur?

A

Introduction of spermatozoa directly into the uterus of a woman.
- During ovulation
- Uses a cather
- Fertilization occurs in fallopian tubes and pregnancy assuems its natural course.

122
Q

How does in-vitro fertilization work?

A
  1. Ova and spermatozoa are fertilized in a labratory
  2. The embryos obtained are transplanted into a womans uterus to continue development
  3. Treatment is recommended when fallopian tubes are block or when artificial insemination attempts have failed
123
Q

What is intracytoplasmic sperm injection?

A
  • Forces spermatozoa into ovum
  • Used when not enough sperm cell are available for fertilization
    1. Ova are collected
    2. Spermtozoa are injected into ova
    3. Ova are inserted into ovum
    4. Embryos are implanted into uterus
124
Q

Benefits of assisted reproduction:

A
  1. Might be free
  2. Single person can reproduce
  3. Infertile couples can reproduce
  4. Homosexuals can reproduce
125
Q

Concerns of assisted reproduction:

A
  1. Expensive
  2. Disposing embryos… ethically questionable
  3. Multiple carriages
  4. Success rates are average
126
Q

What is a pure substance

A

Composed of only one type of particle (atom, or molecule)

127
Q

What are the 2 types of pure substances?

A
  1. Element (1 type of atom)
  2. Compound (1 type of molecule)
128
Q

What are the 2 types of mixtures?

A

Homogeneous and Heterogeneous

129
Q

Define a homogeneous mixture?

A

The particles are uniformly distributed.
- You can only see one part or phase (it looks like one substance)

130
Q

Define a heterogeneous mixture:

A

The particles are not uniformly distributed.
You can see different parts or phases
- It looks like a mixture

131
Q

What is a solution?

A

A homogenous mixture of one or more solutes dissolved in a solvent.

132
Q

Signs of a chemical change:

A
  1. Effervesence
  2. Precipitation
  3. Tempreture change
  4. Colour change
  5. Produces a light
133
Q

Types of chemical changes

A
  1. Synthesis
  2. Decomposition
  3. Oxidation
134
Q

What is synthesis?

A
  • 2+ reactants combine to form a new product
  • Reactants and product can be in all different states
  • Reactants are more than the product(s)
135
Q

What is decomposition

A
  • When a compound breaks down into 2+ substances
  • The opposite of synthesis
  • Product(s) are more than reactant(s)
136
Q

What is oxidation?

A
  • One of the reactants is an oxygen gas
  • Look for O2 all by it’s self as a reactant
137
Q

Characteristic properties:

A
  1. Density
  2. Boiling point
  3. Melting point
  4. Electrical conductivity
138
Q

Non-characteristic properties

A
  1. Mass
  2. Colour
  3. Odour
  4. Volume

Science IB grade 9 (11 decks)

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