Final Exam Flashcards
Sensory Receptors
Function of Cochlea
This is the transformer for the ear because it transforms vibrations into nerve impulses. The vibrations are passed along from the stirrup to the fluid inside the cochlea. Tiny hairs in the cochlea (cilia) are stimulated by the vibrations. Each hair reacts to its own frequency to determine pitch and more hairs are stimulated as a sound gets louder. Vibrations are transformed into nerve impulses that are sent through the auditory nerve and to the brain for analysis.
Sensory Receptors
Function of Semicicular Canals
They are three rings filled with fluid and each oriented along a different axis (x, y and z). When movement takes place, the information on the body’s orientation (balance) is captured by receptor cells that react to the motion of the liquid inside the canals. This information travels through the vestibular nerve to the cerebellum for interpretation.
Sensory Receptors
Function of Vestibule
It is the entrance to the cochlea and contains nerve cells that detect body position and are sensitive to gravity The cells produce nerve impulses that are sent to the cerebellum to help keep our bodies balanced.
Sensory Receptors
Function of Eustachian Tube
Also part of the middle ear, this channel is used to balance out the air pressure on either side of the ear drum so that the ear drum can vibrate properly.
Sensory Receptors
Function of Ossicles
The smallest bones in the body that transmit vibrations from the ear drum to the inner ear. Vibrations are transmitted from the ear drum, to the hammer, to the anvil, to the stirrup and finally to the liquid in the inner ear.
Sensory Receptors
Function of Ear Drum
Part of the middle ear, it is a sensitive tissue that vibrates when stimulated by a sound wave. It transmits the vibrations to the ossicles.
Sensory Receptors
Function of Auditry Canal
It is also part of the outer ear and it carries sound to the ear drum. It secretes cerebum (wax) to protect the ear drum from small insects, bacteria and dust.
Sensory Receptors
Function of Pinna
The pinna captures sound and is part of the outer ear.
Sensory Receptors
Name the parts of the ear:
- Pinna
- Auditory Canal
- Ear Drum
- Ossicles
- Eustachian Tube
- Vesitibule
- Semicircular Canals
- Cochlea
Nervous System
Decribe a voluntary nerve impulse:
Voluntary nerve impulses:
Have to travel up to your brain for interpretation, unlike involuntary nerve impulses…
Nervous System
Decribe a involuntary nerve impulse:
Reflexes
Reflexes don’t have to travel up to your brain for interpretation and for this reason, they happen quickly. A reflex action involves a simple nervous pathway called a reflex arc (see above). It starts off with receptor cells being excited and then sending a signal along a sensory nerve to the spinal cord, which then passes it along to a motor nerve. A muscle receives the signal and contracts.
Nervous System
What is the function of nerves?
The transmission of nerve impulses.
Nervous System
What is the role of the peripheral nervous system? Simplified:
Transportation of nerve impulses from the senses to the brain, and from the brain to the muscles.
Nervous System
What is the role of the peripheral nervous system?
The peripheral nervous system is divided into two main parts: Autonomic nervous system (ANS): Controls involuntary bodily functions and regulates glands. Somatic nervous system (SNS): Controls muscle movement and relays information from ears, eyes and skin to the central nervous system.
Nervous System
What is the role of the central nervous system?
It controls intelligence, memory, personality, emotion, speech, and ability to feel and move.
Nervous System
Idenitify the parts of the nervous system:
- Brain
- Cerebellum
- Brain Stem
- Spinal Cord
Materials
What are the properties of metals?
- Thermal conductivity
- Electrical conductivity
- Malleablity
- Ductility
Materials
Explain the property of resilience in relationship to wood:
When wood has adequate moisture content it is resilient and resistant to breakage. When wood is dry , it breaks easily.
Materials
Explain the property of resilience in relationship to wood:
When wood has adequate moisture content it is resilient and resistant to breakage. When wood is dry , it breaks easily.
Materials
Explain the property of elasticity in relationship to wood:
Wood usually has good elasticity. It can suffer many impacts without becoming permanently deformed. Defects and rot in wood will reduce its elastcity.
Materials
Explain the property of hardness in relationship to wood:
As the name suggests hardwood is harder than softwood. Healthy trees have a highe rlevel of hardness. Moisture content and cold temperatures also increase hardness. Rots also effects hardness.
Materials
What are the properties of wood?
- Hardness,
- Elasticity,
- Relisience,
- Tensile Strength,
Materials
What is fiberboard?
A type of modified wood:
* Made by: first separating wood fibers, using smaller bits than those used to make other modified wood. Fibers are then bonded with various products.
* Uses: insulation, floating floors, furniture, various kinds of construction.
Materials
What is particleboard?
A type of modified wood:
* Made by: bonding the particles (of woodchips and woodwaste produced by wood and plywood industries) using various chemicals.
* Uses: trunks, toys, building construction.
Materials
What is plywood?
A type of modified wood:
* Made by: gluing small large sheets of wood together so that the fibers of one are at right angles to those below them.
* Uses: work tables, building construction – primarily floors
Materials
What is laminated wood?
A type of modified wood:
* Made by: gluing small pieces of wood together.
* Uses: snowshoes, building structures, tables
Materials
What is treated wood?
A type of modified wood:
* Made by: heating wood to a high temperature or dipping in a copper based chemical product.
* Uses: Objects are structures where corrosion resistance is important – exposed to rain or snow
Materials
What is modified wood?
Treated wood or wood mixed with other substance:
* Wood chips and sawdust are pressed or glued together
* Better properties that naturel wood - - - more rigid etc.
* Examples include: plywood, particle board, fiberboard
Changes
How to determine final volume of particles in a substance in a solid, liquid, or gaseous form?
What is the equation?
(C1)(V1) = (C2)(V2)
Changes
Define Radiant Energy
It is the form of energy contained in light and other electromagnetic waves.
Changes
Define Radiant Energy
It is the form of energy contained in light and other electromagnetic waves.
Changes
Define Thermal Energy
It is a form of energy cause by the motion of the particles in matter.
Changes
Define Mechanical Energy
It is a form of energy related to motion.
Changes
Define Chemical Energy
It is a form of energy found in the bonds that keep the atom of a molecule together.
Changes
What are the 4 forms of energy?
- Chemical Energy
- Mechanical Energy
- Thermal energy
- Radiant Energy
Changes
Arrangement of particles in a gas:
The particles in gases are widely spaced and randomly arranged, meaning they can be easily compressed or squashed. The particles in a gas have enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction between the particles, so are free to move in any direction.
Changes
Arrangement of particles in a liquid:
In liquids, particles are quite close together and move with random motion throughout the container. Particles move rapidly in all directions but collide with each other more frequently than in gases due to shorter distances between particles.
Changes
Arrangement of particles in a solid:
In a solid, the particles pack together as tightly as possible in a neat and ordered arrangement. The particles are held together too strongly to allow movement from place to place but the particles do vibrate about their position in the structure.
Changes
Explain dilution in terms of concentration and voume:
Dilution is the addition of solvent, which decreases the concentration of the solute in the solution. Concentration is the removal of solvent, which increases the concentration of the solute in the solution.
- Dilution = more solvent, less solute
- Concentration = less solvent, more solute
Changes
What is particle model?
Atoms are connected by a line or touching.
Changes
Define ‘Joule’
The unit of measurement for energy.
Changes
Define the particle model:
A means of representing the beheaviour of matter
Cardiovascular System
Main role of the circulatory system:
The circulatory system delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells and takes away wastes. The heart pumps oxygenated and deoxygenated blood on different sides.
Gas exchange, carries nutrients and oxygen.
Cardiovascular system
What are viens?
- Less elastic than arteries
- Lowers blood pressures
- returns blood to the heart
- valves - one way
- viens need help from muscle contractions
Cardiovascular system
What are capillaries?
- Small blood vessels
- Walls - one row of cells
- Diffusion, absorbs nutrients & o2
- carry WBC
Cardiovascular system
What are arteries?
- Thick muscular walls (pressure enduring)
- Largest artery = aorta
- Smoothe interior
- Take blood out of the heart
- Divides into smaller arteries – aterioles — capillariesx
Cardiovascular system
Heart is
- muscle
- pump
- 60+ contractions / min
- size of fist
- between lungs
- protected by rib cage
Cardiovascular system
What is the circulatory system made of
Review Drawing in notes min. 10x
- blood vessels: Capillaries, viens, arteries.
- blood
Cardiovascular System
What are White Blood Cells?
- Only blood cells with a nucleus
- Rounded shape
- Bigger than red blood cells
- Few in quantity that red blood cells
Increases with infection - Protect
- Neutralize pathogens
Bacteria and viruses - Destroy dead / damaged cells
Cardiovascular System
What are red blood cells?
Produced where…
- Most common solid component of blood
- Biconcabe shape; flexible
- turn sharp corners
- squeeze into small blood vessels (capillaries)
- If deformed (sickle cell anemia)
accumalate
block blood flow (clot) - Live approx. 120 days
- constantly produced in bone marrow
- contain hemoglobin
Proteins
Transports o2
Gives blood its colour - Reaches alveoli:
Gas exchanged co2 – o2
o2 = Bright red
co2 = Dark red (brownish)
Represented as blue, ITS NOT
Cardiovascular System
How do platelets work?
Accumulate in damaged blood vessel
Produce fibrous filaments (to seal the wound).
Cardiovascular System
What are platelets?
- Pieces of blood cells
- No defined shape
- No nucleus
- Life span of approx. 10 days
- Form scabs
Cardiovascular System
Percentages of each component in the blood?
- 55% Plasma
- 45% Red Blood Cells
- Less than 1% White Blood Cells
- Less than 1% Platelets
Cardiovascular System
What is plasma?
Liquid component of blood
Mostly water
Transports
* RBC,
* WBC,
* Platelets,
* Nutrients,
* Antibodies,
* Hormones,
* Waste (Urea, co2)
Respiratory System
Read NOTES
Not a question. Every time yoh recieve this question, reread notes.
Read notes once - 1
Read notes twice - 2
Read notes 3x - 3
Read notes 4x - 4
Read notes 5x or + - 5
Respiratory System
Explain the function of the Alveoli:
7
- Small bags surrounded by capillaries
- Gas Exchange
- Around 300 million
- Alveoli & Capillaries have very thin membranes
Respiratory System
Explain the function of the Bronchioles:
6
- Divide progressivley until ending in alveoli.
Respiratory System
Explain the function of the Bronchi:
5
- Trachea splits into 2 bronchi – left and right
- Made with cartiage
- Cila and mucous
Respiratory System
Explain the function of the Trachea:
4
- Connects Layrynx to bronchi
- Tube
- Aiway
- Rings of cartilage
- Lined with mucous and cila
Respiratory System
Explain the function of the larynx:
3
- Mostly cartilage
- Connects pharynx to trachea
- Epigolottis - door
- Voice box - Air vibrations
Respiratory System
Explain the function of the pharynx:
2
- Part of the digestive system and the respiratory system
- Passage for air and food
Respiratory System
Explain the function of the nasal cavities:
1
- Air goes in
- 2 chambers in the nose
- Cila, filter dust etc.
- Blood vessels - warm air
- Muscous, moistens air
Respiratory System
Explain the role of the respiratory system:
Gas exchange, exhaling carbon dioxide, repleninshing / inhaling oxygen.
Respiratory System
Name the main parts of the respiratory system:
- Nasal Cavities
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli
Digestive System
What is peristalsis?
Explain
The involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wave-like movements that push the contents of the canal forward.
Digestive System
What is churning?
Explain
(with reference to liquid) move or cause to move about vigorously.
In other words mixing!
Digestive System
What is the purpose and function of Liver glands?
Explain
The liver (gland) secretes bile which is stored in the gall bladder and emulsifies fats (separates fats from water) (physical transformation).
Digestive System
What is the purpose and function of Pancreatic glands?
Explain
The pancreas secretes pancreatic juices that break down carbohydrates into smaller molecules of glucose (chemical transformation).
Digestive System
What is the purpose and function of Intestinal glands?
Explain
When food enters the small intestine, the
intestinal glands secrete intestinal juices that transform proteins into amino acids and fats into smaller molecules like glycerol (chemical transformations).
Digestive System
What is the purpose and function of Intestinal glands?
Explain
When food enters the small intestine, the
intestinal glands secrete intestinal juices that transform proteins into amino acids and fats into smaller molecules like glycerol (chemical transformations).
Digestive System
What is the purpose and function of gastric glands?
Explain
Gastric juices that come from the glands along the stomach’s walls help to break down proteins (chemical transformation). In addition to breaking down food, gastric juices also help kill bacteria that might be in the food.
Digestive System
What is the purpose and function of salivary glands?
Explain
Salivary glands (a gland is a group of cells that produce secretions) produce saliva. Each day, these glands secrete (make) 1 to 1.5 L of saliva. Saliva helps to transform the complex molecules in carbohydrates in to simpler molecules (chemical transformation). It also has antibacterial properties.
Digestive System
Name all the glands:
Explain
- Salivary glands
- Gastric glands
- Intestinal glands
- Pancreatic juices
- Liver glands
Digestive System
Name all the glands:
Explain
- Salivary glands
- Gastric glands
- Intestinal glands
- Pancreatic juices
- Liver glands