Biology: Grade 9. Science IB; Digestive System Unit Flashcards
What are the 4 forms of energy?
- Chemical Energy
- Mechanical Energy
- Thermal energy
- Radiant Energy
Define Chemical Energy
It is a form of energy found in the bonds that keep the atom of a molecule together.
Define Mechanical Energy
It is a form of energy related to motion.
Define Thermal Energy
It is a form of energy cause by the motion of the particles in matter.
Define Radiant Energy
It is the form of energy contained in light and other electromagnetic waves.
What is law of of conservation of energy?
Energy can be transformed (changed from one form to another) or transferred (passed along from one body to another).
Formula for Cellular Respiration
glucose + oxygen
–>
carbon dioxide + water
What is cellular respiration?
We get energy from eating and oxidation.
We breathe in oxygen; oxygen is used to oxidize the nutrients (burn calories). This reaction produces CO 2, water, and energy. We call this, cellular respiration; it allows the chemical energy stored in the bonds between the atoms in a molecule to be released.
Name the nutrients we need:
- Carbohydrates
- Fats
- Proteins
- Vitamins
- Minerals
- Water
- Fibre (Not a nutrient)
What function do carbohydrates serve to us?
They contain starches or other substances that release sugars during digestion. They are quickly transformed into energy by the body.
What function do fats serve us?
They provide the body with energy and store it. They also insulate the body and protect vital organs. Fats that come from an animal source are called saturated fats. Saturated fats can raise the cholesterol level if eaten in large quantities. Unsaturated fats come from plant sources and are a healthier source of fats.
What function do proteins serve us?
They are big molecules made of long chains of amino acids. They allow the body to repair and build cells. They also provide energy when there are not enough fats or carbohydrates.
What function do vitamins serve to us?
They are vital for various body functions and to help regulate metabolism and chemical reactions in the body. There are 13 kinds of vitamins.
What function do minerals serve to us?
They are simple chemical elements. Minerals make up various tissues like cartilage, teeth, bones, and nerves.
What function does water serve to us?
A pure substance that makes up 60% of the body. It is important to many chemical reactions, regulates metabolism, and helps to carry substances to different parts of the body.
What function does fibre serve us?
It cleans the digestive system.
What foods contain a significant source of carbohydrates?
- Breads
- Grains
- Pasta
- Nuts
- Legumes
- Starchy Vegetables
- Milk
- Yogurts
- Fruits
What foods contain a significant source of fats? Name 5.
- Red Meat
- Butter
- Cheese
- Ice cream
- Avocados
- Fish
- Whole eggs
- Chia Seeds
- Dark Chocolate
What food contains a significant source of proteins? Name 5.
- Eggs
- Chicken
- Beef
- Pork
- Fish
- Nuts
- Seeds
- Beans
- Peas
- Lentils
- Tofu
What food contains a significant source of vitamins? Name 5.
- Animal fats (A, D, E, and K)
- Vegetable oils (A, D, E, and K)
- Dairy products (A, D, E, and K)
- Liver (A, D, E, and K)
- Oily fish (A, D, E, and K)
- Fruits (C&B)
- Vegetables (C&B)
- Grains (C&B)
- Milk and Dairy (C&B)
What food contains a significant source of Minerals? Name 5.
- Meat
- Cereals
- Fish
- Milk and Dairy
- Fruits
- Vegetables
- Nuts
What food contains a significant source of fibre? Name 5.
- Beans
- Broccoli
- Berries
- Avocados
- Popcorn
- Whole Grains
- Apples
- Dried Fruits
Name the Components of the Digestive:
- Mouth
- Esophagus
- Stomach
- Small Intestine
- Large Intestine
Mouth, Parts and Functions
- Teeth (break apart food, physical change)
- Tongue (moves food around and breaks it apart, physical change)
- Saliva (Breaks down Carbohydrates, chemical change)
Saliva more in-depth
Saliva is secreted by the salivary gland. The purpose of saliva is to break down carbohydrates, however it also acts as a anti-bacterial.
Esophagus, Function and structure
Like a pipe (around 10 inches long). Moves food from back of throat to stomach by muscle contractions, known as peristalsis (physical change).
Stomach, Functions
Purposes
- Store food that has been eaten
- Break down larger molecules to simpler ones
- Slowly empties mixture into small intestines
Stomach, how does it work?
Mixes, churns and mashes food in to balls of bolus (mush).
Gastric juices from the glands along the stomach walls help to break down proteins and kill bacteria (chemical change).
Stomach wall is lined with mucous to protect it from is own acids.
Small Intestine: what is it?
The small intestine is a 3 m long muscular tube that has a diameter of 2 cm. It is folded several times and attaches to the large intestine.
What is the small intestine lined with?
The small intestine is lined with microscopic folds (villi) to increase the surface area through which various nutrients can be absorbed into the bloodstream.
What transformations occur in the small intestine? Glands, secretions etc.
Both physical and chemical.
- When food enters the small intestine, the intestinal glands secrete intestinal juices that transform proteins into amino acids and fats into smaller molecules like glycerol (chemical transformations).
- The liver (gland) secretes bile which is stored in the gall bladder and emulsifies fats (separates fats from water) (physical transformation).
- The pancreas secretes pancreatic juices that break down carbohydrates into smaller molecules of glucose (chemical transformation).
- The small intestine also churns and moves the food along through peristalsis (physical transformation).
What is the large intestine?
The large intestine is about 6.5 cm in diameter and 1.5 m in length.
What is the function of the large intestine?
This is where most water, vitamins and minerals are absorbed into the bloodstream. Removing water from a liquid mixture transforms it into solid waste that is later expelled through the anus (physical transformation). The walls of the large intestine are lined with mucous that acts as lubrication to facilitate the passage of solid waste.
Name all the glands:
- Salivary glands
- Gastric glands
- Intestinal glands
- Pancreatic juices
- Liver glands
What is the purpose and function of salivary glands?
Salivary glands (a gland is a group of cells that produce secretions) produce saliva. Each day, these glands secrete (make) 1 to 1.5 L of saliva. Saliva helps to transform the complex molecules in carbohydrates in to simpler molecules (chemical transformation). It also has antibacterial properties.
What is the purpose and function of gastric glands?
Gastric juices that come from the glands along the stomach’s walls help to break down proteins (chemical transformation). In addition to breaking down food, gastric juices also help kill bacteria that might be in the food.
What is the purpose and function of Intestinal glands?
When food enters the small intestine, the
intestinal glands secrete intestinal juices that transform proteins into amino acids and fats into smaller molecules like glycerol (chemical transformations).
What is the purpose and function of Pancreatic glands?
The pancreas secretes pancreatic juices that break down carbohydrates into smaller molecules of glucose (chemical transformation).
What is the purpose and function of Liver glands?
The liver (gland) secretes bile which is stored in the gall bladder and emulsifies fats (separates fats from water) (physical transformation).
What is churning?
(with reference to liquid) move or cause to move about vigorously.
In other words mixing!
What is peristalsis?
The involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wave-like movements that push the contents of the canal forward.
