Biology: Grade 9. Science IB: Revised Flashcards
Biotechnology: What are GMO’s?
A genetically modified organism is a living organism whose genetic material has been modified by introducing new genes into its DNA, in order to obtain new characteristics.
Benefits of GMO’s
List 5
- Resistant to pesticide
- Decrease global warming
- Better crops
- Crops containing more nutritional value
- Medical studies
Concerns with GMO’s
List 4
- Messing up the food chain (overpopulation or extinction of a species)
- Cross-pollination
- Profit driven by GMO compagnies
- Can be used by the wrong people
What is assisted reproduction?
Help in the union of…
Assisted reproduction represnet all medical procedures that help in the union of an ovum and a spermatozoon for the purpose of achieving fertilization.
What is the purpose of assisted reproduction?
Deeveloped to help infertile couples conceive a child.
What is infertility?
A term used to describe a couple inability to conceive a child after one year of sexual relations.
Causes for infertility:
- Poor quality of gametes
- Poor quantity of gametes
- Malformations of the reproductive system
- Malformations of the reproductive system cause by STBBI’s
List the 4 types of assisted reproduction IN ORDER!
- Hormonal treatments
- Artificial insemination
- In-Vitro Fertilization
- Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
How do hormonal treatemnts work?
Conflict: what can this result in.
Subject takes hormone-based drugs that can help trigger ovulation. Taking hormones can often cause the ovaries to produce more than one ovum per cycle, which can result in multiple pregnancies.
How does artificial insemination work?
If you forget, when… as well as how etc.
Introduction of spermatozoa directinly into the uterus of a woman.
- Done during ovulation
- Uses a catheter
- Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tubes and pregnancy then takes its natural course.
How does in-vitro fertilization work?
- Ova and spermatozoa are fertilized in the labratory
- The embryos obtained are transplanted into the woman’s uterus to continue developement
- Treatement is recommended when fallopian tubes are block or artificial insemination attempts have failed.
How does intracytoplasmic sperm injection work?
- Forces sprematozoa into ovum
- Used when not enough sperm cells are available for fertilization
1. Ova are collected
2. Sperotozoa are injected into ova
3. Ova are inserted into ovum
4. Embryos are implanted in uterus
Benefits of assited reproduction:
List 4
- Sterile couples can reproduce
- It might become free?
- Allows people who are single to conceive a child
- Allows homosexual couples to conceive a child
Concerns of assited reproduction:
- It can be expensive
- Ethical conflicts regarding disposing of embryos
- Chances of multiple carriges
- Success rates are average
What is mitosis?
Mitosis is a type of cell division used to make identical copies of cells.
Mitosis is a cell division that results in…. ___________ ___________ daughter cells.
- Two
- Identical
In mitosis the daughter cells each contain ____ ____ chromosomes.
- twenty-three
- Pairs of
Function/Purpose of mitosis:
- Growth and repair of damaged tisses
- (Replacement of dead blood cells)
- (Repairement of cuts, fractures, muscel etc.)
Neurons are the only cells incapable of dividing or repairing themselves
What are the 5 steps in the process of Mitosis?
- DNA coils up into chromosomes and nuclear membrane dissolves
- Chromosomes duplicated (DNA replication) and centrioles moves towards the poles
- Chromosomes line up in the center of the cell. Spindle fibers attach to the center of the cell and the other half to the opposite pole of the cell
- The spindle fibers pull have the chromosome pair to one pole and the other half to the opposite pole of the cell
- The cell membrane pinches off in the center to give rises to two new cells (cytokinesis). Chromonsome decondenses and nuclear membrane form. The result is 2 identical daughter cells, each containing 23 pairs of chromosomes.
What is meiosis?
Produces …. #
They are also called ________ what does this term refer to
Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces four different cells that are genetically different from the original mother cell. Reproductive cells are also called gametes; sperm cells (spermatozoa) and egg cells (ova) that unite during fertilization.