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Biology 10h > Midterm Rough Draft > Flashcards

Midterm Rough Draft Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

independent variable

A

something manipulated in a controlled experiment

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2
Q

dependent variable

A

something that changes as a result of the independent variable in a controlled experiment

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3
Q

controlled/constant variable

A

something that stays the same in all groups of a controlled experiment

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4
Q

qualitative data

A

descriptive data - what I see/ using my sences

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5
Q

quantitative data

A

measurements you make - numbers

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6
Q

characteristics of life

A

-respond to stimuli: react to environment
-cells: all living things are made of cells
-reproduction: passing heredity info (DNA)
-energy (metabolism): convert things into energy
-homeostasis: maintaining a stable internal environment
-adapt & evolve: mutations with the intent of surviving
-grow & develop: all living things grow - cell division

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7
Q

6 most common elements

A

-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen
-nitrogen
-phosphorus
-sulfur
CHONPS

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8
Q

organic molecule

A

always contain a carbon atom
-ex. glucose (C6H12O6)

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9
Q

inorganic molecule

A

most do not have carbon
-ex. water (H2O)
-exceptions CO2 + CaCo3 (have carbon)

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10
Q

carbohydrate elements

A

-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen

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11
Q

carbohydrate monomers

A

monosaccharides

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12
Q

carbohydrate polymers

A

polysaccharides

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13
Q

carbohydrate function

A

supply energy to cells

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14
Q

carbohydrate examples

A

-sucrose
-fructose
-lactose
-starch

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15
Q

lipid elements

A

-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen

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16
Q

lipid monomers

A

glycerol + 3 fatty acids

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17
Q

lipid polymers

A

triglyceride

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18
Q

lipid functions

A

-long-term energy storage
-protection against physical shock
-protection against water and heat loss
-major component of membranes

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19
Q

lipid examples

A

-fats
-phospholipids
-oils
-waxes
-steroid hormones
-triglyceride

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20
Q

protein elements

A

-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen
-nitrogen
-(sulfur)

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21
Q

protien monomer

A

amino acids

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22
Q

protein polymer

A

polypeptides

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23
Q

protein functions

A

-store energy
-transport
-regulatory
-movement
-structural
-enzymes

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24
Q

protein examples

A

-enzymes
-antibodies
-hemoglobin

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25
Q

nucleic acid elements

A

-carbon
-hydrogen
-oxygen
-nitrogen
-phosphorus

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26
Q

nucleic acid monomer

A

nucleotides

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27
Q

nucleic acid polymer

A

polynucleotide

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28
Q

nucleic acid functions

A

-direct synthesis of protein
-gene expression

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29
Q

nucleic acid examples

A

-DNA
-RNA

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30
Q

primary protein folding

A

link amino acids together in polypeptide chain

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31
Q

secondary protein folding

A

alpha helix or beta pleated sheet due to hydrogen bonding

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32
Q

tertiary protein folding

A

3D globular shape and folding due to interactions between R groups

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33
Q

quaternary protein folding

A

more than one polypeptide chains connect together

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34
Q

HDL

A

“good” cholesterol with high density

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35
Q

LDL

A

“bad” cholesterol with low density

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36
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

removing water molecules to build an organic molecule

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37
Q

hydrolysis

A

adding water molecules to break down an organic molecule

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38
Q

what is an enzyme?

A

a type of protien - chain of amino acids
*considered biological catalysts because they speed up reactions

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39
Q

process of enzyme reactions

A

-enzyme has an active open site
-add substrate to the active site
-creates an enzyme-substrate complex
-reaction occurs
-products leave the enzyme
-enzyme can be reused
**active site can change under denaturation

40
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

-smaller and simpler structure
-no nucleus
-no membrane-bound organelles
-bacteria

41
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

-larger and more complex structure
-has nucleus
-membrane-bound organelles
-plants, animals, fungi

42
Q

cell membrane

A

-protects cell
-controls what enters and leaves the cell
-selectively permeable
-in both plants and animals

43
Q

cell wall

A

-protects and gives rigidity (support) to plant cells
-found in plants

44
Q

nucleus

A

-controls most activities in the cell
-contains all genetic info in the form of DNA
-in both pants and animals

45
Q

mitochondria

A

-energy producers
-powerhouse of cell
-many in muscle cells
-in both plants and animals

46
Q

chloroplast

A

-stores chlorophyll and other pigments
-site of photosynthesis
-only in plants

47
Q

ribosomes

A

-site of protein synthesis
-makes proteins
-in both plants and animals

48
Q

lysosomes

A

-cellular digestion
-digestive enzymes
-recycles cell parts and breaks down macromolecules
-in both plants and animals

49
Q

central vacuole

A

-stores water and nutrients needed by plants
-in plants only

50
Q

cell membrane

A

draw and label diagram

51
Q

what makes a cell membrane selectively permeable?

A

-fluidity
-flexible
-self-sealing
-transport proteins

52
Q

passive transport

A

-high to low concentration
-doesn’t require energy
-when cells need equilibrium with the external environment
-diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

53
Q

diffusion - passive transport

A

-particles go through membrane easily
-random high to low concentration gradient
-no energy
-example molecules: CO2 and O2

54
Q

osmosis - passive transport

A

-diffusion of water
-no energy
-high to low concentration gradient
-example molecules: H2O (only for water)

55
Q

facilitated diffusion - passive transport

A

-no energy
-assisted transport of hydrophilic molecules and ions
-provides tunnel from transport proteins (channel and carrier proteins)
-example molecules: larger molecules, ions, polars

56
Q

hypertonic solution - osmosis

A

-less water - more solute
-cell shrinks
-water moves out of cell

57
Q

isotonic solution - osmosis

A

-same solute concentration
-cell stays the same
-water moves in and out of cell

58
Q

hypotonic solution - osmosis

A

-more water - less solute
-cell gets bigger
-water moves into the cell

59
Q

animal cells during osmosis

A

-hypo: swell and burst as water goes in
-hyper: shrivel and die
-iso: healthy and ok

60
Q

plant cells during osmosis

A

-hypo: central vac gets filled to max turgor pressure and is healthy
-hyper: central vacuole shrinks, death
-iso: wilty but ok

61
Q

active transport

A

-high to low concentration
-energy required
-when cells need more or less of something compared to surrounding environment

62
Q

uniporter

A

can move one molecule at a time

63
Q

symporter

A

can move two molecules in same direction

64
Q

antiporter

A

can move two molecules in opposite directions

65
Q

neurons receive, conduct, and transmit messages

A

dendrites - axon - axon terminals

66
Q

sodium/ potassium pump (Na/K) - protein pump

A

-antiporter
-3 Na out of the cell and 2 K coming in
-high concentration of Na out of a cell
-allows messages to travel nerve cells

67
Q

proton pump - protein pump

A

-uniporter
-H+ out of cell
-used to carry out cotransport

68
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis - bulk transport

A

-when the material to be transported binds to certain molecules

69
Q

endocytosis - bulk transport

A

-cell takes in larger particles
-membrane wraps around substance
-pinocytosis: cellular drinking of extra cellular fluids
-phagocytosis: cellular eating of foods

70
Q

exocytosis - bulk transport

A

-large molecules that are manufactured in the cell are released through the cell membrane when vesicles fuse

71
Q

osmoconformers

A

environment is isotonic with internal environment - jellyfish

72
Q

osmoregulators

A

body fluids are not isotonic with the external environment - fish

73
Q

photosynthesis chemical reaction

A

sun energy + 6CO(2) + 6H(2)O –> C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2)

74
Q

cellular respiration chemical reaction

A

C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2) –> 6CO(2) + 6H(2)O + ATP

75
Q

what happens to energy in bonds?

A

-bonds formed, energy is stored
-bonds break, energy is released

76
Q

ATP cycle

A

**ATP is usable energy in cells
-a phosphate leaves an ATP as energy is released
-become ADP
-energy from food is added and a phosphate is added too
-becomes ATP

77
Q

what are two types of electron carriers?

A

-NADP+ –> NADPH
-FAD+ –> FADH
-pick up electrons to become second one
-carry electrons to next steps

78
Q

glycolysis - cellular respiration

A

-starts w one glucose, ends w two pyruvate
-2 ATP invested, becomes 4 ATP
-gain 2 ATP
**draw little pic

79
Q

pyruvate oxidization - cellular respiration

A

-a pyruvate looses 1 CO(2) molecule and adds coenzyme A
-creates acetyl CoA
-NAD+ becomes NADH
**draw little pic

80
Q

citric acid cycle - cellular respiration

A

-happens in mitochondria
-acetyl CoA looses CoA so two carbons enter the cycle
-combines with a four-carbon molecule (oxaloacetate)
-creates a six-carbon molecule (citrate)
-2 CO(2) molecules leave cycle to go back tot he four-carbon molecule
-NADPH and FADH2 produced
-2 ATP produced per glucose
-H(2)O added
**draw little pic

81
Q

oxidative phosphorylation - cellular respiration

A

-in mitochondria
-H+ creates an electrochemical gradient
-ATP synthase brings H+ from top to bottom
–rotar spins
–ATP produced (24-28)
-electron carriers bring electrons to create an H(2)O byproduct
**draw little pic

82
Q

aerobic cellular respiration

A

uses oxygen to generate usable energy
-multicellular organisms
-38 ATP per glucose

83
Q

anaerobic cellular respiration

A

does not use oxygen to generate usable energy
-some prokaryotes, certain bacteria, archaea
-2 ATP per glucose

84
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A

-anaerobic respiration (2 ATP produced)
-glycolysis occurs and creates 2 pyruvate
-electrons used to create 2 lactate
**draw little pic

85
Q

alcohol fermentation

A

-anaerobic respiration (2 ATP produced)
-glycolysis occurs to create 2 pyruvate
-2 CO(2) leave (one from each pyruvate)
-uses electrons to create two ethanol
**draw little pic

86
Q

light-dependent reactions - photosynthesis

A

-occurs in thylakoid (membrane)
-light goes into photosystems I and II (clusters of pigments)
-water goes in and is split, releasing electrons
–oxygen byproduct
-H+ passes down because of electron transport chain
-ATP synthase creates ATP by passing H+ from high to low concentration
-brings ATP and electrons (NADPH) to light-independent reactions (calvin cycle)
**draw little pic

87
Q

light-independent reactions - photosynthesis

A

-CO(2) enters cycle and combines with RuBP (5-carbon molecule)
-creates rubisco (6-carbon molecule)
-rubisco splits creating two G3P
-1 G3P leaves cycle to make glucose
-5 are recycled to create the RuBP
-carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration
-uses ATP from light-dependent
**draw little pic

88
Q

how are photosynthesis and cellular respiration related?

A

-animals breathe in oxygen and exhale CO(2)
-plants take in CO(2) and release oxygen
**draw little pic

89
Q

what is DNA?

A

contains the instructions for making proteins within the cell

90
Q

what is a double helix?

A

-shape of DNA
-two strands twirl around eachother

91
Q

what are nitrogenous bases in DNA?

A

-adenine (2 H) (purine)
-cytosine (3 H) (pyrimidine)
-guanine (3 H) (purine)
-thymine (2 H) (pyrimidine)

92
Q

what nitrogenous bases pair in DNA?

A

-A and T because they both have 2 H
-C and G because they both have 3 H

93
Q

what are hydrogen and covalent bonds in DNA?

A

-hydrogen bonds are weaker and bond nitrogenous bases
-covalent bonds are stronger and bond each side of the DNA structure

94
Q

why is DNA antiparallel?

A

-one side goes up, other is flipped
-one side has 3’ at the top and 5’ at the bottom
-other side has 5’ at the top and 3’ at the bottom

95
Q

DNA structure

A

**draw pic including deoxyribose and phosphates

Biology 10h (7 decks)

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