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Biology 10h > cellular transport and membranes > Flashcards

cellular transport and membranes Flashcards

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1
Q

prokaryotic cells

A

single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles (bacteria)

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2
Q

eukaryotic cells

A

organisms whose cells have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (animals, plants, fungi)

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3
Q

why do cells need macromolecules to function?

A

-structural support
-a source of stored fuel
-the ability to store and retrieve genetic information
-the ability to speed biochemical reactions

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4
Q

where does photosynthesis occur?

A

chloroplast

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5
Q

photosynthesis equation

A

6CO(2) + 6H(2)O –>light–> C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2)
-amount of products and reactants are equal

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6
Q

what happens during photosynthesis?

A

plants take in light energy and convert it to chemical energy (glucose)
-bonds hold energy

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7
Q

where does cellular respiration occur?

A

mitochondria

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8
Q

cellular respiration equation

A

C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2) –> 6CO(2) + 6H(2)O + ATP
-amount of products and reactants are equal
-ATP is usable energy

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9
Q

what happens during cellular respiration?

A

inhalation of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide takes place to generate usable energy
-breaking bonds to release stored glucose/energy

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10
Q

what is the cell membrane made of?

A

a phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded within it
-two layers of molecules (each w a head and tail)

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11
Q

what are the two sides of a phospholipid molecule?

A

-hydrophilic heads (polar and attracted to water)
-hydrophobic tails (not polar and repelled by water)

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12
Q

what do proteins in the cell membrane do?

A

-carry out sequential reactions
-attach to adjacent cells
-bind signaling molecules

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13
Q

what is passive transport?

A

a way of getting molecules in and out of a cell that creates equilibrium with the cells’ external environment
-no energy requires
-moves high to low concentration

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14
Q

what is tonicity?

A

the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or loose water

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15
Q

what is diffusion?

A

the movement of individual molecules of a substance through a membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
-does not require energy
-ex. molecule: CO(2) + O(2)

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16
Q

what is facilitated diffusion?

A

the assisted transport of hydrophilic molecules and ions across a membrane from an area of high to an area of low concentration
-provides a tunnel from transport protein (think of the string in the bubble)
-for large, charged, or polar molecules
-channel protein: creates a through tunnel
-carrier protein: grabs molecule and opens on another side of the membrane

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17
Q

what is osmosis?

A

movement of water molecules from a solution with a high concentration of water molecules to a solution with a lower concentration of water molecules, through a cell’s membrane
-no energy required

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18
Q

what is a hypertonic solution?

A

a solution with more solute than water compared to the cell within it
-water moves out of the cell, into the solution in order to maintain homeostasis, causing the cell to lose mass

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19
Q

what is a hypotonic solution?

A

a solution with more water than solute compared to the cell within it
-water moves into the cell, from the solution in order to maintain homeostasis, causing the cell to gain mass

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20
Q

what is an isotonic solution?

A

any external solution that has the same solute concentration and water concentration compared to the cell within it
-water can move in and out of the cell to maintain homeostasis, causing the cell to keep the same mass

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21
Q

animal cells during osmosis:

A

-hypotonic solution (pure water): cells swell and possibly burst when water goes in (cytolysis)
-hypertonic solution (sea water): cells shrivel and die when water goes out (creation)
-isotonic solution: healthy, ok! equal water entering and leaving the cell

22
Q

plant cells during osmosis:

A

-hypotonic solution (pure water): central vacuole gets filled with water but does not burst (max turgor pressure) (healthy)
-hypertonic solution (sea water): central vacuole shrinks, plant dies, no turgor pressure (plasmolysis)
-isotonic solution: the plant is flaccid and wilty but ok (not at max turgor pressure)

23
Q

osmoconformers vs osmoregulators

A

-osmoconformers: external environment is isotonic w/ internal environment (ex. jellyfish)
-osmoregulators: body fluids are not isotonic with the external environment (ex. fish - depending on the type of water, fish have adapted to survive in their environment)

24
Q

what makes the cell membrane selectively permeable?

A

-flexibility
-self-sealing
-transport proteins
-fluidity

25
Q

what are the proteins in the cell membrane?

A

*Transmembrane (a protein that allows things to pass through the cell)
-uniporter (moves one mol at a time)
-symporter (move two mol in same direction)
-antiporter (move two mol in opposite direction)
*Peripheral (forms bonds with the membrane and keeps the cytoskeleton from moving)

26
Q

what is active transport?

A

process in which molecules move across the cell membrane using proteins
-requires energy
-low to high concentration

27
Q

what is a protein pump?

A

-sodium/ potassium pump: an antiporter that pumps 3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell to create an electrochemical gradient (an uneven amount of chemical charge in and outside of the cell) this allows messages (action potentials) to travel along nerve cells
-proton pump: pumps H+ (proton) ions out of cells (low to high concentration) and creates an electrochemical gradient. H+ ions can then passively move back into the cell through a transport protein, but other molecules can get in too (cotransport)

28
Q

what is endocytosis?

A

(bulk transport) the cell takes in large particles by engulfing them. In this process, the membrane itself wraps around the particle and pinches off a vesicle inside the cell

29
Q

what is recptor-mediated endocytosis?

A

(bulk transport) occurs when the material to be transported binds to certain specific molecules in the membrane, the cell engulfs them and creates a vesicle

30
Q

what is exocytosis?

A

(bulk transport) large molecules that are manufactured in the cell are released through the cell membrane when vesicles fuse

31
Q

what affects the rate of diffusion?

A

-the steepness of concentration gradient
-temperature
-surface area
-type of molecule or ion

32
Q

what are aquaporins?

A

a type of transport protein that allows water to pass through the cell membrane more easily and at a faster pace

33
Q

what are osmoconformers?

A

organisms whose internal environment is isotonic with the external environment (they do not adjust internal osmolarity)
Ex—Jelly Fish (already at a dynamic
equilibrium with the environment)

34
Q

what are osmoregulators?

A

organisms whose body fluids are NOT isotonic with the external environment (they must adjust internal osmolarity)
EX—Fish (Fresh & Marine) & the
Paramecium too

35
Q

what is an electrochemical gradient?

A

-gradient: the uneven amount of molecules in and outside the cell
-electrochemical gradient: uneven about of molecules with charges in and out of the cell
*this allows for action potential (messages) to travel along the neuron

36
Q

how do proton pumps make a more acidic environment in lysosomes?

A

by creating an electrochemical gradient of high amounts of H+ inside of the cell, the inside of the cell becomes more acidic

37
Q

how do messages carry through a neuron?

A

-dendrites RECEIVE messages from other cells
-the cell body and axon CONDUCTS messages from the dendrites to the axon terminals
-axon terminals TRANSMIT messages to other cells

38
Q

what are the processes of endocytosis?

A

-phagocytosis: cellular eating ~ engulfing and creating a vesicle of food particles, molecules, and smaller organisms
-pinocytosis: cellular drinking ~ engulfing and creating a vesicle of extra-cellular fluids (containing dissolved ions and minerals)

39
Q

what form of transport would small, uncharged molecules use?

A

diffusion and osmosis (water)

40
Q

what form of transport would lipid - soluble substances use?

A

diffusion

41
Q

what form of transport would water-soluble substances, larger, charged, or ions use

A

facilitated diffusion (requires a chennel)

42
Q

what form of transport would sodium and potassium use?

A

sodium/potassium pump

43
Q

what form of transport would protons use?

A

proton pump

44
Q

how is active transport used in plants, bacteria, and fungi?

A

the proton pump pumps H+ ions out of cells: sets up an electrochemical gradient to carry out co-transport, which moves sucrose uphill into specialized veins of leaves to be transported to other nonphotosynthetic parts of plants—stems, roots

45
Q

what does the word endergonic mean?
-which process?

A

endergonic reaction: energy being put into a reaction (used in photosynthesis because of light energy)

46
Q

what does the word exergonic mean?
-which process?

A

exergonic reaction: energy being released from a reaction (cellular respiration because of ATP)

47
Q

which type of environment do animal cells prefer?
-what happens in an iso, hyper, hypo

A

animal cells prefer an isotonic environment
-isotonic solution: healthy, equal H2O entering and leaving the cell
-hypertonic solution: shrivel and die (crenation)
-hypotonic solution: swell and burst (cytolysis)

48
Q

which type of environment do plant cells prefer?
-what happens in an iso, hyper, hypo

A

plant cells prefer a hypotonic solution
-isotonic solution: wilty but ok/ not max turgor pressure
-hypertonic solution: central vacuole shrinks, no turgor pressure, can cause death
-hypotonic solution: central vacuole get filled, no burst, max turgor pressure

49
Q

-what environment do saltwater fish live in? (hypo, iso, hyper)
-where does the water move (into or out of the fish) in the saltwater environment?
-what do saltwater fish need to do in order to survive in that environment and WHY?

A

-saltwater fish live in hypertonic solutions
-water goes out of the fish
–in order to survive, saltwater fish drink lots of salt water, have very concentrated urine (very little water), and their gills capture nutrients from the water

50
Q

-in what type of environment do freshwater fish live (hyper, hypo, isotonic)?
-where does the water move (into or out of the fish) in the freshwater environment?
-what do freshwater fish need to do in order to survive in that environment and WHY?

A

-freshwater fish live in hypotonic solutions
-the water moves into the fish
-in order to survive, the fish drinks little to no water, has very dilute urine, and their gills capture the nutrients from the water to replace what’s being lost

51
Q

-what structure does a paramecium have that allows it to survive in a hypotonic environment?
-why does a paramecium need a contractile vacuole?

A

-the paramecium can perform OSMOREGULATION to survive in a hypotonic solution (he contractile vacuole squeezes to remove excess water)
-a paramecium needs a contractile vacuole to remove excess water

Biology 10h (7 decks)

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