Macromolecule test 10/18

Question 1

organic molecules (w example)

Answer 1

molecules containing carbon (ex. glucose)

Question 2

inorganic molecules (w example)

Answer 2

molecules that do not contain carbon (ex. water, carbon dioxide)

Question 3

Why is carbon at the center of all organic molecules

Answer 3

it can form up to four covalent bonds because it has four electrons in its outer shell

Question 4

isomer

Answer 4

molecules with the same formula but having different arrangements of their atoms (ex. C8H10 is the chemical formula for ethyl benzene and m-xylene

Question 5

Why is the shape of a molecule important?

Answer 5

The shape/ structure of a molecule is important because it determines the function of the molecule

Question 6

four major groups of macromolecules

Answer 6

-carbohydrates
-lipids
-nucleic acids
-proteins

Question 7

monomers vs polymers

Answer 7

-monomers are the single building blocks
-polymers are monomers that are covalently bonded

Question 8

dehydration synthesis

Answer 8

the creation of larger molecules from smaller monomers where a water molecule is taken away, can be used in the process of creating polymers

Question 9

hydrolysis

Answer 9

breaking a covalent bond in the compound by inserting a water molecule across the bond

Question 10

Carbohydrate elements

Answer 10

Carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O)

Question 11

Carbohydrate monomers (w examples)

Answer 11

monosaccharides (simple sugars)
-glucose, fructose, galactose

Question 12

carbohydrate polymers (w examples)

Answer 12

polysaccharides
-starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin

Question 13

carbohydrate functions

Answer 13

supply energy, structural

Question 14

carbohydrate examples

Answer 14

glucose & sucrose

Question 15

carbohydrate disaccharides

Answer 15

double sugar
-sucrose (glucose+fructose), lactose (glucose+galactose), maltose (glucose+glucose)

Question 16

Structural polysaccharides

Answer 16

cellulose + chitin
-found in the cell wall of plants

Question 17

Storage polysaccharides

Answer 17

starch + glycogen
-stored in the liver and muscles to be converted to energy later

Question 18

build/ break down carbs

Answer 18

build - dehydration synthesis between monosaccharides to form polymers
break down - hydrolysis between polysaccharides to form monomers

Question 19

lipids elements

Answer 19

carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O)

Question 20

lipids monomers

Answer 20

glycerol + 3 fatty acids

Question 21

lipids polymers

Answer 21

triglyceride

Question 22

lipids functions

Answer 22

energy storage, protection against physical shock, keeping water in, insulation, major component of membranes

Question 23

lipid examples

Answer 23

wax, fats, oil

Question 24

structure of lipids:

Answer 24

-three zig-zag lines
-circle and two zig-zags coming out of it

Question 25

LDL

Answer 25

-bad
-leads to build-up of cholesterol in arteries

Question 26

HDL

Answer 26

-good
-removes other forms of cholesterol from bloodstream

Question 27

build/ break down lipids

Answer 27

build - dehydration synthesis between monomers: 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids to form polymers
break down - hydrolysis between triglycerides to form monomers

Question 28

saturated fats

Answer 28

no double bond (bad)
solid at room temp

Question 29

unsaturated fats

Answer 29

double bonds (good)
liquid at room temp

Question 30

trans-fats

Answer 30

unsaturated fats with trans double bonds instead of cis bonds (bad)
solid at room temp

Question 31

How are carbohydrates and lipids different?

Answer 31

-carbohydrates offer a ready source of fuel to your cells
-lipids can store energy in your fat tissue for later use

Question 32

protein elements

Answer 32

carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), {sulfur (S)}

Question 33

protein monomers

Answer 33

amino acids

Question 34

protein polymers

Answer 34

polypeptides

Question 35

protien functions

Answer 35

storage, transport, regulatory, movement, structural, enzymes

Question 36

protein examples

Answer 36

enzymes, hemoglobin, antibody

Question 37

Why is protein folding important?

Answer 37

-order of amino acids determine structure
-the structure of the molecule determines the function

Question 38

Primary level folding

Answer 38

link amino acids together in a chain

Question 39

Secondary level folding

Answer 39

alpha helix or beta pleated sheet due to hydrogen bending

Question 40

Tertiary level folding

Answer 40

3D shape and folding due to interactions between R-groups

Question 41

Quaternary level folding

Answer 41

more than one polypeptide connects together

Question 42

build/ break down proteins

Answer 42

build - dehydration synthesis between amino acids to form polymers
break down - hydrolysis between polypeptide chains to form monomers

Question 43

How do high temps and changes in pH affect the function of a protien

Answer 43

-causes the protein to unfold, therefore losing its function

Question 44

nucleic acid elements

Answer 44

carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphate (P)

Question 45

nucleic acid monomers

Answer 45

nucleotides

Question 46

nucleic acid polymers

Answer 46

polynucleotide

Question 47

nucleic acids functions

Answer 47

encode, transmit, gene expression

Question 48

nucleic acid examples

Answer 48

DNA + RNA

Question 49

DNA

Answer 49

-double-stranded
-sugar: deoxyribose
-nitrogenous bases: A, T, C, G
-found in the nucleus of a cell

Question 50

RNA

Answer 50

-single-stranded
-sugar: ribose
-nitrogenous bases: A, U, C, G
-found in the nucleus and cytoplasm

Question 51

build/ break down nucleic acids

Answer 51

build - dehydration synthesis between nucleotides to form
break down - hydrolysis with polynucleotides to form monomers

Question 52

3 major parts of a nucleotide

Answer 52

-phosphate (circle)
-pentose sugar (six-sided)
-nitrogenous base (square)