DNA test review

Question 1

Cell cycle phases

Answer 1

-G1 (cell growth)
-S (DNA replication)
-G2 (prep for mitosis)
-Mitosis (nucleus splitting - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)
-Cytokinesis (cytoplasm splitting)

Question 2

Why are daughter cells identical?

Answer 2

DNA replicates then splits equally

Question 3

What is the interphase?

Answer 3

-cell grows
-DNA replicates
-preps for cell division

Question 4

What is mitosis?

Answer 4

division of the nucleus
-prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Question 5

What is cytokinesis?

Answer 5

division of the cytoplasm

Question 6

DNA helicase

Answer 6

an enzyme that unwinds the DNA
-breaks hydrogen bonds
-creates replication fork

Question 7

DNA polymerase

Answer 7

an enzyme that adds new bases to each strand
-creates two double helixs

Question 8

DNA ligase

Answer 8

DNA-joining enzyme
-brings Okazaki fragments of the lagging strand together

Question 9

Leading stand

Answer 9

continuously formed 5’ -> 3’
-same direction of the polymerase

Question 10

Lagging strand

Answer 10

made of fragments 5’ -> 3’
-opposite direction of polymerase

Question 11

Important aspects of DNA necessary for replication

Answer 11

-hydrogen bonds: easy to break apart
-nitrogenous bases: determine new DNA

Question 12

Transcription

Answer 12

Synthesis of RNA from DNA
-DNA -> RNA
-T=A
-A=U
-C=G
-G=C

Question 13

Translation

Answer 13

Synthesis of a protein from RNA
-RNA -> protein
-use the big inside circle. middle circle, outside circle

Question 14

Why does it need to be transcribed before translation?

Answer 14

So that it is in the right “language” to become a protein

Question 15

Introns

Answer 15

-In pre-mRNA
non-coding regions
cut out from mRNA that leaves the nucleus

Question 16

Extrons

Answer 16

-In pre-mRNA
coding regions

Question 17

Frameshift mutations

Answer 17

Shifts reading frame and change the order of amino acids
-deletion
-insertion

Question 18

Substitution mutations

Answer 18

One base is replaced with another
-missence
-silent
-nonsence

Question 19

Deletion mutation

Answer 19

one base is lost

Question 20

Insertion mutation

Answer 20

one base is added

Question 21

Missense mutation

Answer 21

replaces a base resulting in a change of the amino acid

Question 22

Silent mutation

Answer 22

replaces a base resulting in no change of the amino acid

Question 23

Nonsense mutation

Answer 23

replaces a base resulting in a ‘stop’ amino acid