MIDTERM REVIEW - identifies Flashcards
1
Q
What is a joint-stock company?
A
Investors pooling money, only risk is the money you invest and not everything you own.
2
Q
What does predestination mean?
A
It doesn’t matter what you do on earth because God has already decided if you are going to heaven or hell.
3
Q
What is Arminianism?
A
The belief that doing good works can change God’s mind about your salvation.
4
Q
What is Antinomianism?
A
Those that have already been saved by God do not need to follow the laws of man on earth.
5
Q
What was the House of Burgesses?
A
Advisory group to the governor of Virginia, first step towards a modern government.
6
Q
What is the Mayflower Compact?
A
An agreement to follow the rules made later on.
7
Q
What was the London Company?
A
Started the first English colonies, also known as the Virginia Company.
8
Q
Who was John Smith?
A
Soldier and explorer, ‘no work, no food’ policy, sets up trade with a Powhatan tribe.
9
Q
Who was John Rolfe?
A
Brings tobacco with him to America for profit/growing.
10
Q
Who were the Puritans?
A
Want to purify the Church of England (remove everything Catholic and follow the Bible).
11
Q
What are Separatists?
A
Another way to call pilgrims.
12
Q
Who were the Pilgrims?
A
A group of extreme Puritans, want to separate from the Church of England because it is so corrupt and they want out.
13
Q
Who was Squanto?
A
Native American who spoke English and helped the Pilgrims learn how to survive.
14
Q
Who was John Winthrop?
A
Governor that gives the ‘city upon a hill’ speech on the way over – role model for others, if they fail people can laugh at God.
15
Q
Who was Roger Williams?
A
An extreme radical, believed in the separation of church and state, no forced religion, white settlers had to buy land from NAs, establishes Rhode Island.
16
Q
Who was Anne Hutchinson?
A
Midwife who talked against the church in others’ homes, antinomianism and banished from Mass Bay Colony.
17
Q
Who was the Duke of York?
A
His brother, the king, gave him the New Netherlands (New York).
18
Q
Who are the Quakers?
A
The ‘Society of Friends’, believed they could communicate directly with God, pacifists, don’t believe in predestination, followed the ‘doctrine of the inner light’.
19
Q
Who was William Penn?
A
Became a Quaker and was disowned, king pays him the money he owed his father with land in the New World → set up a gov where NA treated fairly, free religion, and protected rights.
20
Q
What was Roanoke?
A
The first colony in the New World.
21
Q
What are the Fundamental Orders?
A
Written by Thomas Hooker, establishes a government for Connecticut.
22
Q
headright system
A
every person entering the colonies had the right to take 50 acres of unclaimed land as long as you had paid for the crossing
23
Q
Quitrent
A
small annual payment to the grantor of land
24
Q
indentured servitude
A
when you couldn’t afford passage you could come as as an indentured servant (agreed to work for a stated period and subject to strict control as well as receiving nothing beyond keep)
25
Squatters Rights
if you were camping on land and the owner showed up you had a right to buy the land from them without paying for any improvements made (not actually LAW)
26
Covenant
ordered puritan society to ensure everyone’s good behavior
27
nuclear family
the center of society where the father is the head of the household and everything is hierarchical
28
triangle trade
a complex three-way trade route between europe africa and the americas (exchange of raw materials finished goods and slaves)
29
Bacon’s Rebellion
gov berkeley and his “green spring faction” vs western planters led by bacon: planters wanted to attack local NAs on the claim they were being attacked and bacon kills peaceful NAs burns Jamestown to the ground and dies. The british fleet returns to restore order
30
Half- Way Covenant
to cope with the third generation not being baptized Puritans made a limited form of membership for any applicant not known to be a sinner and were willing to accept the covenant (couldn’t participate in church decisions)
31
Dominion of New England
annulled the charters of and combined all colonies north of pennsylvania
32
Leisler’s Rebellion
NY suffered a takeover by Jacob Leisler (a disgruntled merchant and militia captain) that only lasted 2 years
33
Paxton Boys
scots-irish from lancaster county that rebelled like Bacon (murdered peaceful NAs and marched on philly)
34
William Berkeley
governor of virginia
35
James Oglethorpe
founder of savannah with a vision of creating a colony of sober yeomen farmers: everything fails and it becomes a royal colony
36
Edmund Andros
arrived to make the colonies behave less like sovereign powers and overthrown in the wake of the Glorious Revolution
37
Ben Franklin
leads a delegation acknowledging grievances and promising bounty on Indian heads
38
John Peter Zenger
german running the NY weekly journal charged with seditious libel (statements found true and not libel)
39
Fall line
the farthest point of western settlement (place in the foothills of the appalachians where waterfalls/rapids end up-water travel and there are no big colonies
40
Cotton Mather
puritan clergyman in new england,
along with other notable Boston ministers, Cotton Mather had warned against the use of spectral evidence and advised caution from the onset of the salem witch trials
41
What is Mercantilism?
Colonies serve as a source of raw materials, a market for finished goods, and a place for excess people.
42
What does balance of trade mean?
Sell more than you buy, self-sufficient, and producing items in high demand elsewhere. The difference is made up with gold/silver.
43
What is salutary neglect?
A policy of Sir Robert Walpole where Britain would ignore violations of the navigation acts if the colonies remained economically loyal to Britain.
44
What were the Navigation Acts?
A series of laws enacted over half a century designed to make money, develop the merchant fleet, channel raw materials to England, and keep foreign vessels out of colonial ports.
45
What was the Great Awakening?
An attempt to bring people’s dedication back to religion, uniting Americans.
46
Who was Jonathan Edwards?
The most famous American revivalist preacher known for 'Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God'. He doesn’t believe in predestination; only conversion can save your soul.
47
Who was George Whitfield?
A great speaker who attracted large audiences and brought back people’s religious zeal by preaching simplified religion: sinners, but hope of salvation.
48
What is the Enlightenment?
A period of new discoveries implying that impersonal, scientific laws governed everything, with God only setting things in motion, causing the age of reason.
49
What is Deism?
A faith that revered God for the marvels of his universe, not his power over humankind. It promoted rationality, freedom, and tolerance, and influended the founders of our country
50
What was the Treaty of Paris (1763)?
France abandoned most claims to North America; Great Britain took over Canada, Florida, and the eastern half of the Mississippi Valley, while Spain got the Philippines and Cuba.
51
What was Pontiac’s Rebellion?
Led by Ottawa chief Pontiac, Native Americans of the Ohio Valley rebelled due to conflicting land claims, but the rebellion failed.
52
What was the Proclamation of 1763?
Native Americans accepted peace terms, and the British placed regiments along the frontier to protect both Native Americans and settlers, prohibiting settlers across the Appalachian divide.
53
What was the Sugar Act?
An act passed by Parliament placing tariffs on goods imported to America in large amounts, with violators tried in vice admiralty courts. Tighter control, to make money
54
What was the Stamp Act?
A direct tax on all printed matter, leading to protests and little money collected.
55
What were Writs of Assistance?
Open-ended search warrants used by the British to search for smuggled goods anywhere and anytime, eventually repealed.
56
What was the Declaratory Act?
Passed the same day the Stamp Act was repealed, asserting that Parliament could enact any law to show they were still in control.
57
What happened during the Boston Massacre?
In a poor economy, soldiers took away jobs, leading to a revolt where 5 Bostonians were killed; acts were repealed except on tea.
58
What was the Gaspee incident?
A British ship ran aground while pursuing smugglers in Narragansett Bay, leading to colonists committing arson with no testimonies against them.
59
What was the Boston Tea Party?
Colonists dumped tea overboard in revolt against the British tea company selling directly to America, cutting out American merchants.
60
What were the Intolerable Acts?
The American name for the Coercive Acts, which closed Boston port until tea was paid for, involving other colonies.
61
Who were the Sons of Liberty?
A group led by men of character and position who frequently resorted to violence.
62
What were the Townshend duties?
An indirect tax on certain products imported into the colonies, leading to a boycott, with British response of transferring troops to Boston.
63
What is 'Common Sense'?
A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that called for complete independence and attacked the idea of monarchy and the king specifically.
64
What was the Declaration of Independence?
A formal declaration introduced by Richard Lee that stated the colonies are free and independent, primarily written by Thomas Jefferson.
65
What happened at Lexington and Concord?
Minutemen were outnumbered at Lexington, then marched to Concord where the British were forced to retreat at the Old North Bridge, and were attacked on their march back to Boston.
66
What occurred at Bunker Hill?
Minutemen fortified Breed’s Hill overnight; the British succeeded in their attack on the third try, boosting morale despite casualties.
67
Who were the Minutemen?
American soldiers.
68
What is Fort Ticonderoga known for?
Captured by Massachusetts with Crown Point on Lake Champlain.
69
What is the Preamble?
The beginning of the Constitution that outlines its introduction and purpose.
70
Who were the Loyalists?
Those in favor of the British during the Revolution; estimates suggest ⅓ by John Adams and ⅕ by historians.
71
What was significant about Yorktown?
Cornwallis joined with Benedict Arnold to establish a supply base, but was bottled up by Washington and the French.
72
What did the Peace of Paris (1783) accomplish?
Established US independence, set borders, allowed the US to grant banks, promised British troop withdrawal, and required Congress to pay Loyalists for seized property and debts.
73
What were the Articles of Confederation?
Created a weak central government with power to the states, one vote per state in Congress, no power to tax, and no executive or court system.
74
What was the Land Ordinance of 1785?
Surveyed western land in a grid of 6-mile townships divided into 36 sections of 1 square mile, with 1 section costing about $1/acre.
75
What did the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 establish?
Created a political structure for the area bound by the Mississippi River, Ohio River, and Great Lakes to be made into 3 to 5 states, with a phased process for achieving statehood and prohibiting slavery.
76
seperation of powers
divide into 3 branches with separate roles, divide power and keep order
77
funding at par
paying the full value for a bond that isn’t trading at value yet
78
elastic clause
gives Congress the right to make all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out its expressed powers
79
federalists
favored the constitution, small farmers and debtors that valued free choice over power
80
philly convention
all colonies but RI present, decided articles were beyond repair and they needed to create a stronger central government
81
virginia plan
madison, states vote in congress based on population
82
anti federalists
against the constitution, well to do substantial individuals alarmed by revolutionary changes
83
new jersey plan
patterson, each state has an equal vote in congress
84
great compromise
congress would have 2 houses (lower and upper)
85
3/5 compromise
they count the # of slaves based on: equal to ⅗ of enslaved people for representation and taxes
86
bill of rights
protected people’s civil liberties, opposition to the constitution disappeared when added to the constitution
87
electoral college
purpose is to vote for president/VP, can overrule the peoples vote
88
hamilton
secretary of treasury, debt plan and national bank, supported jefferson in the election of 1800 tie between Jefferson and Burr
89
james madison
wrote the federalist papers with Jay and Hamilton defending the constitution
90
Aaron burr
supposed to be running for VP in the election of 1800, goes against Jefferson, becomes VP
91
12th amendment
separate ballots for VP in electoral college
92
jeffersonians
advocate for thomas jefferson (against entangling alliances, for economy in gov’t, paying off national debt, support for agriculture)
93
judiciary act of 1801
passed by federalist before they lost control of congress: created numerous judgeships and other jobs, adams signing commissions until midnight, Jefferson refused to deliver it
94
William Marbury
commission had not been delivered from adams
95
write of mandamus
order from the court to a government official to properly fulfill their duties
96
John marshall
federalist, chief justice, split between issuing the writ of mandamus and not because both were decidedly bad
97
Marbury v Madison
if marshall issued the writ, jefferson might ignore it and if he didn’t, people would say he was afraid to take on the president: his ruling is that by right Marbury should have his commission, but couldn’t issue a writ because it was deemed unconstitutional and therefore void
98
Barbary pirates
it was the power of SCOTUS to invalidate federal laws that were deemed unconstitutional, important for m vs. m because it helped marshall to not get in trouble
99
Barbary pirates
North African Arabs seized ships and crew, europe and US paid tribute to not get ships taken, rates were raised and jefferson refused, war that ended in a tie, rates lowered
100
Robert R. Livingston
US ambassador sent to France to seek assurances of US rights in New Orleans
101
James monroe
sent to france to buy new orleans, french offered all of louisiana, he accepted, when he told jefferson, he was worried it was unconstitutional
102
Louisiana purchase
spain gives louisiana to france, Jefferson is worried but ends up going through with it, doubles US territory size
103
essex junto
new england federalists threatened by rising power of republicans, formed a group to create a separate northern confederacy, supported burr because he said he might help them, burr lost and the rebellion fell apart
104
Hamilton burr duel
burr was offended by comments made by hamilton during the campaign, killed hamilton
105
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark
explored the louisiana purchase to establish relations with NAs, note plants/ animals, find an all water route to the pacific
106
sacajewea
her and her husband were hired by the lewis and clark expedition to translate, essential part of the expedition because of her knowledge of the land and languages
107
impressment
any citizen could be forced into the navy during an emergency, british began stopping neutral ships to impress citizens and ignored neutralization rights, take US citizens which is a problem
108
embargo act
bans all exports from the US (american ships could not leave US waters, foreign ships had to leave US empty), failed to get a reaction from europe, majorly hurt US
