Midterm Review COPY Flashcards
What is the Enlightenment?
The enlightenment is a time period of immense change. It contained an explosion of ideas that focused on individual happiness and rights through logic and reason.
Give three examples of the “major businesses.”
Energy Transportation Banking
What is a cash crop?
A crop grown to sell for profit
What are the three largest effects of the Enlightenment?
-Less religious outlook -Belief in Progress -Importance on the Individuals
What were the problems that Europeans had in trying to conquer Africa before industrializing?
Terrain was impassable (mountains, deserts, etc) Rivers were dangerous Both sides had the same weapons Malaria and other diseases
According to Communism, how many classes did capitalism have, and what were they?
2, Haves and Have-nots (owners vs. workers, rich vs. poor )
Where did Industrialization first start?
England
Adam Smith -
Adam Smith - capitalism
How did the Declaration of the Rights of Man change the government of France?
-Got rid of estates, making all men equals -Made a parliament with the king still having power in the government -Government would focus on protecting the rights of its citizens
During the Dark Ages, whose happiness was the most important? Afterwards?
Kings and Queens, The common people
What was the purpose of the Berlin Conference?
To split up Africa without going to war with each other
Why did the British occupy Boston, and pass the rest of the Intolerable Acts?
This was done in response to the Boston Tea Party, and were meant as a punishment for the colonists
What is the social contract?
An agreement between the citizens and the government to follow rules in return for safety
Who owns the businesses, resources, and make decisions in capitalism?
Individuals
In what two ways did the American Revolution help to bring about the French Revolution?
-France spent so much money helping us, that they ruined their own economy -The successes of our revolution, and the government that followed were an inspiration to France
Voltaire
Freedom of thought, expression, and religions
Montesquieu
separation of powers in government
In what ways can you still see the impact of the Enlightenment on the United States government?
We have a government that focuses on protecting its citizens’ happiness. Voting rights, freedoms of speech religion, press, etc. 3 branches of government, trial by jury, no illegal search and seizure, capitalism
Explain how capitalism rewards hard work and new ideas?
The harder you work, or the better your invention, the more money you will make
How did industrialization contribute to global inequality?
Countries that industrialized first were able to make a lot more money and weapons, which allowed them to take over non industrialized countries, and take their stuff.
How did African tribes react to colonization overall?
Sustained violent resistance
What are 7 short term changes that happened during the industrial revolution?
Lack of government rules No education for lower classes Poor working and living conditions Disease Factory owners grew richer Child Labor Poor became even more poor
What are 8 specific things that were wrong with the tenement housing or working conditions?
Low pay and long hours No police protection Very dangerous conditions Rooms too crowded Frequent disease outbreaks No running water No education Literally anything else that we’ve talked about
What were five negatives of imperialism in Africa?
Lost independence and were used for forced labor Many people died from new diseases, resistance movements, and famine Africans never got the economic benefit of its resources Totally destroyed African leadership, and put nothing in place when Europeans left Dividing lines between tribes torn apart some ethnic groups, forced enemies to become allies, and set up the modern problems in africa
Describe the living conditions for the peasants. Give specific examples.
Were small farmers who grew just enough food to survive on, gave half to the king. Lived in a one room house, with no windows or heat, ate anything they could find. Were very close to starvation all the time. Had no rights, were used only to make the king richer and more powerful
What is social Darwinism?
Survival of the fittest applied to humans
How was the French and Indian War important in bringing about the American Revolution?
The war left the English in debt, which made them try to erase by taxing the colonists. The Colonists were upset about paying taxes AND not have representation.
Explain how the Enlightenment ideas inspired the American Revolution.
John Locke thought that a government was only supposed to be around to protect natural rights, and if it didn’t it should be overthrown. England was only trying to make itself richer, and wasn’t protecting our rights (the Navigation Acts, the Stamp Act, not allowed us to govern ourselves, forcing us to house their troops, etc.)
What determined how much of Africa each country got at the Berlin Conference?
The amount of military and economic power the country had
What are the problems with Social Darwinism?
It justifies extreme poverty and racism, both being based off of bad science. Social Darwinism is totally discredited today.
John Locke -
Natural rights, government’s duty is to protect those rights
What type of government was used before the Enlightenment?
Monarchy
Why did European countries want to own colonies?
Natural Resources Markets to sell goods to Nationalism Social Darwinism (to civilize the natives) To control trade routes Spread Christianity Worldwide naval bases
What inventions were created to that allowed the Europeans to take over Africa?
Railroads Steamboats Maxim Gun Quinine
